The 400-seat auditorium is sold out, each red velour seat occupied by the kind of audience member that only New York can attract. There are brassy matrons with Upper East Side accents wearing garishly patterned blouses and bright lipstick, and pale, thin 20- something guys with wild mops of hair and retro T-shirts – apparently the cultivated look of aspiring screenwriters. And there’s a smattering of vaguely familiar actors, including Sex and the City’s Stanford Blatch, Carrie’s best guy friend, with a real-life coterie of four gal pals.

The empty stage projects the pretentious vibe of James Lipton’s Inside the Actors Studio: black floor, black walls, tables with black tablecloths, even black director’s chairs – the entire mise en scène as dark as a blank TV screen. Then, like a set flicked on, a colourful gaggle of writers and producers enter and take their seats. The panel is stacked with HBOers, who exist on the frontier or hinterland of the TV world, depending on your viewpoint. There’s Jenji Kohan, the creator of Weeds – the show about the travails of a suburban mom who doubles as a pot dealer. (“Jenji,” snickers a nearby 20-something guy. “Like, ganja.”) David Milch, a dissipated-looking character in a rumpled brown blazer, is the panel’s provocateur and the swaggering renegade writer behind HBO’s Deadwood. Outer-space guru Ronald D. Moore developed a version of Battlestar Galactica for the Sci Fi Channel, and former Baltimore Sun reporter David Simon pens the HBO crime drama The Wire.

Sandwiched in the middle is David Shore (LLB 1982), a U of T Faculty of Law grad and the lone representative of the TV networks. Shore is the Emmy Award-winning writer, creator and executive producer of House – the Fox medical drama featuring the misanthropic Dr. Gregory House, a brilliant diagnostician who thrives on solving the most baffling medical puzzles. Shore looks like conservative Network TV Guy with his sharply pressed dark suit, polished black shoes, distinguished grey hair and self-confident demeanour. He takes a little good-natured ribbing from Kohan of Weeds, who jokes that The New Yorker bought Shore the expensive seat on the plane, while forking out less for her ilk. (House fetches 18-19 million viewers per episode, while Weeds weighs in at less than one million.) But when Shore recounts a story about an earlier writing gig, he displays an unconventional, subversive bite not usually associated with network types. “When I was writing for Law & Order, someone asked me, ‘How come they always arrest and convict the bad guys?’ I said, ‘They don’t.’ He said, ‘Name three [episodes].’ I went back and counted three. They were all the ones I wrote.”

The conversation winds its way to the issue of network control – how much say executives have over writers’ scripts – and the agenda of networks versus cable. Battlestar Galactica’s Moore maintains that “cable pushes me to go further, networks reined me in.” Deadwood’s Milch argues that “the network is selling Massengill douches” and, clearly an advocate for no one, later adds, “Cable is selling ‘It ain’t TV – it’s HBO.’” Shore counters that network execs exert little control over House, and freedom comes partially from viewer numbers. He points to an episode in which Dr. House gives the hospital administrator, Dr. Cuddy, an injection in her, ahem, posterior. They clearly couldn’t show a rear view, but they could be a little cheeky from the side. “When you’re getting a 19 share,” he jokes, “it’s OK to show more ass.”

David Shore and Hugh Laurie on the set of House

Later Shore adds that network control “tends to be about nudity and words – not about politics, not about the stance the character takes.” Good thing, given that House, played by Hugh Laurie, is possibly one of the most contentious characters that network TV has ever seen. A Vicodin-addicted malcontent, House walks with a limp (his cane is painted with flames, he says, to “make me look like I’m going faster”) yet metaphorically dances on the edge of a surgical blade. He can diagnose the most confounding conditions (29-year-old woman suffering from seizures? Have you considered the ham in her fridge? Tapeworm in the brain, anyone?). His methods, however, range from unorthodox to overtly illegal, such as sending hapless employees to break into patients’ homes to find clues to their illnesses. House holes up in his office to avoid dealing with all of humanity – he believes patients always lie but symptoms never do – yet emerges long enough to alienate roomfuls of people, smiting them with acerbic lines that would send lawsuits flying onto lesser men. (He orders a Mormon doctor to stay away from a patient, or the patient will “start singing Osmond songs and proposing to five nurses at once” and tells a female colleague that her hair colour makes her “look like a hooker. I like it.”)

‘‘I like to think that he is a bigger asshole than I am. I like to think that I’m not an asshole,” quips Shore, 48, over breakfast at Bryant Park Hotel’s Koi Restaurant the next morning. Shore doesn’t look like Network Guy anymore. He looks more approachable, like a hip, laid-back writer, with youthful looks, tousled hair and dark brown eyes suffering slightly from the shadows one possesses at ungodly Sunday morning hours. He’s sporting topnotch Nike sneakers – a Dr. House trademark and Laurie’s gift to the staff during the third season’s wrap. “And House is smarter than I am, which allows him to get away with stuff. If he was of average intelligence with that same attitude and if he was wrong 50 per cent of the time, he would just never be tolerated. The only reason he’s tolerated is because he’s right, invariably. I don’t think I fall into that category. But his attitudes, his outlook toward the intellect versus emotions, his outlook toward almost everything comes from me.”

In 2004, Shore and executive producers Katie Jacobs and Paul Attanasio pitched House to Fox as a medical detective show, a hospital whodunit in which doctors sleuth their way through symptoms until they find the medical culprit. It was after the show was sold that the idea of a human touch – House – was added. His name is a twist on the granddaddy of all detectives, Sherlock Holmes. Shore found inspiration in Holmes’ cold analysis, his search for an objective truth and his fascination with puzzles – “although he was kinder than House,” says Shore. The writings of the late Berton Roueché, The New Yorker staff writer who chronicled intriguing medical cases in a gumshoe style, inspired the plots for some of the show’s early episodes.

House writers consult regularly with physicians to ensure accuracy, and Laurie, who hails from Britain, takes great pains to deliver tongue-twisting terminology with an impeccable American accent. (“He does a great job with it…but as he says, he’s playing tennis with a salmon instead of a tennis racquet,” says Shore. “He’s got to fake an accent and act at the same time. And, it’s tough.”) But unplug the heart monitors, wheel away the gurneys and yank out those IV tubes, and Shore maintains you’ll still find a healthy storyline with general appeal. “In many ways I don’t consider this a medical show…. The things that interest me in the show are the philosophical things. When House goes on, it’s rarely about medicine, it’s about the nature of right and wrong.”

“There is a philosophical bent to the show, an opportunity to speak about life and how to live life,” continues Shore, who is married with three children. “I think good shows always deal with ethical dilemmas and ethical questions. Good dramas are usually about throwing your characters into situations where, do you turn right or do you turn left? And something bad will happen if you turn right and something bad will happen if you turn left – which one’s worse? This show has a lot of these moments, which is a great opportunity, but it also has chances for my personal perspective on the world.” He pauses. “God, that sounds terrible.”

Since debuting in November 2004, House has taken off in the ratings and now holds steady in Nielsen’s top primetime TV shows of the season. For the week of November 5, House ranked number six. In 2005, Shore won an Emmy in the “Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series” category and a 2006 Humanitas Prize, both for his episode “Three Stories,” in which House presents three narratives to a class of medical students, ultimately revealing the story of his own medical struggle.

Shore grew up in London, Ontario, the eldest of three boys. (His younger twin brothers are now rabbis in Israel.) An avid TV watcher, he loved comedies and The Rockford Files detective series. But writing, for any medium, wasn’t a career goal. After studying math for two years at the University of Western Ontario in London, he entered U of T’s Faculty of Law. “I wanted to be a lawyer from the time I was 12 years old until the second week of law school,” says Shore. “I didn’t like law school. I liked it socially; it just wasn’t right for me. I made good friends there, but academically I just kind of drifted through.”

What he did enjoy was working on the Faculty of Law’s student newspaper, Hearsay, which he edited with Mark Gray (LLB 1983) and David Hoselton (LLB 1982). (Shore succinctly summed up his take on law school in one issue of Hearsay, writing: “Law school, by design, is not fun. We have the rest of our lives to be boring.”)

“Dave definitely pushed the envelope and still does today,” says Hoselton, who is now a co-producer of House. “When we took the paper over it was called the University of Toronto Law School Newsletter – which was very imaginative. And it was filled with University of Toronto law school news. After changing the name to Hearsay, you can imagine what it was filled with. And we got into a little bit of trouble for trying to make it a little less reverent. It was always about amusing ourselves and taking chances with the material and going as far as we could possibly go with it.”

The newspaper featured plenty of offbeat, often sophomoric, humour – usually lobbed at faculty members and classmates. One “Fun with the Faculty” department invited readers to match profs with their likeliest method of committing murder; open-party announcements included the home addresses of unsuspecting students; and in the “Ask the Daves” column, the editors answered their own fake letters. (Sample question: “Dear Daves: Everyone knows the Chipmunks were Alvin, Theodore and Simon, but what the heck was their manager’s name? You know, the human guy? Dave.” “Dear Dave: Dave.”)

“There was some fallout from the same stuff I get fallout from today – the standards and practices department, which back then was the dean,” says Shore. “If we did anything that was a little off-colour, we would hear about it.” Frank Iacobucci was the dean at the time, but it fell to student liaison and Shore’s close friend Lorne Cameron – now a screenwriter in L.A. – to relay the dean’s directives. Says Shore, “I remember Iacobucci basically asked us to make fewer masturbation jokes. We didn’t get that directly from the dean. In a way, for us, it was more fun that it came from Lorne.” (Indeed, a tongue-in-cheek note from Cameron appears in one issue: “The buck stops here. Thus as vice-president and chief returning officer, I must take full responsibility for Dave Shore’s incompetence. There, I did it. Now leave me alone.”)

Shore also found creative outlets on stage. He hosted the first annual Law School Follies and did standup gigs at clubs such as Yuk Yuks. He entered a comedy contest in his hometown, and his standup skills earned him the title The Third Funniest Person in London. (“One day, hopefully, I can fulfil my dream of working for the first funniest man in London,” jokes Hoselton.)

After completing law school, Shore articled for one year in London, Ontario, and then practised corporate and municipal law for almost five years at a Toronto firm, where he made partner. His friends Cameron and Hoselton had moved to Los Angeles to write movies shortly after bar exams – and the idea of making a similar move was brewing in Shore’s mind. In 1991, he readied to take a leap, with an initial plan to write comedy scripts and possibly do some standup. Shore recalls breaking the news to his law partners. “I announced, ‘I’m leaving in three or four months to go to L.A. to be funny.’ And it got the reaction you’d expect from everybody. They thought I was insane. They said, ‘You’re not that funny.’” Shore negotiated the opportunity to return to the firm if things didn’t work out within two years.

At 31, Shore rented a tiny one-bedroom apartment, one block from Hollywood Boulevard and not far from Mann’s Chinese Theatre. He didn’t take writing classes; instead, he read plenty of scripts. His first writing attempt was a film screenplay. “I showed it to my friends who were down there, and then I didn’t show it to anybody else. It wasn’t very good,” he claims. Then he wrote a spec episode of Seinfeld – which his friends did like. He found an agent based on the strength of that and a spec L.A. Law script, and continued to develop his knack for TV writing. And approximately two weeks past his two-year deadline, he was offered a freelance writing gig for the TV show The Untouchables.

A year later, Shore landed his first staff-writing job, on Due South, the comedy-drama that followed Canadian Mountie Benton Fraser (Paul Gross) through his investigative exploits. Shore moved back to Toronto for the show, and in 1996 picked up a Gemini Award for Best Writing in a Dramatic Series for his work. That same year, Shore became head writer on and supervising producer of the Canadian show Traders. He then headed back to L.A. and wrote for some of TV’s biggest hits, including NYPD Blue and the first season of The Practice. After garnering two Emmy nominations in 1998 and 1999 as a producer on Law & Order, he served as executive producer on Family Law and Hack. House came along in 2004, and Shore has been putting caustic lines into his main character’s mouth ever since.

Writing for television is a pressure cooker. Consider, the average film shoots two pages of a 100-page script a day and takes months to complete, while a weekly TV show shoots six to eight pages per day – and wraps up in eight days. The House crew works on multiple episodes at once: while one is being shot and another prepped, writers are completing the next script.

Ninety per cent of Shore’s job is writing – and rewriting. He heads a team of 13 writers, who work individually or in pairs on an episode. Shore meets with them about the stories they’re working on, then provides extensive feedback on their initial outline and first draft. On the second draft, he polishes or rewrites – a process that takes one to four days. Before an episode is shot, Shore walks the director through the script, telling him what each scene is about and the moments he wants to capture. And about half-a-dozen times a day, he’s called to the set to watch a rehearsal and give his input before the shooting takes place. So, even though Shore’s name may not be on the script, it always contains his voice, ensuring the show has a consistent look and feel.

And, of course, the character of House has its own particular challenges – such as creating those outrageous House moments without being gratuitous. “The audience is expecting, ‘What crazy thing is he going to do that’s going to shock me this week?’ And how am I going to shock somebody who’s expecting to be shocked? I’m hiding in the closet about to jump out and yell ‘boo,’ and the audience is standing outside the closet waiting for the door to open. But you’ve got to keep it organic, it’s got to be true to the character. Internally, what I say is, ‘The punishment may not fit the crime, but there’s always a crime. If House is giving somebody crap, there’s a reason he’s giving them crap.’” Otherwise, laughs Shore, “he becomes a jerk as opposed to an interesting jerk.”

Despite the inventive writing in many shows, TV is vilified in a manner that other creative mediums are not. Perhaps it’s because shows get lumped together with the lowest common denominator – if, say, Dancing with the Stars is accruing the highest audience numbers, people tend to link TV with Marie Osmond lurching around in tights. Or, perhaps it’s accessibility that breeds contempt. As Shore says, “It’s a mass medium, and I think there’s a tendency for us to dismiss anything that, ‘oh well, everybody’s enjoying it, it must not be that good. It’s not just for us smart people.’”

Shore recalls a dinner party at his brother’s house, where a guest announced he had sworn off television. “It was a big dinner party, I was just sitting there and nobody knew what I did, and he said, ‘I got rid of my TV. I haven’t watched TV in six months.’ And everybody around the table was like, ‘Good for you! Excellent! Oh God, I know how hard that is!’ It was literally like the guy said he had given up heroin. And I’m sitting at the end of the table, the guy who is outside the schoolyard, going, ‘Hey kid, come here.’”

Despite the analogy to TV writer as dealer, Shore believes that perceptions of TV are changing – partly because it has become so diffuse, with so many channels and shows targeting niche audiences. “I do think television is storytelling. I’m in the storytelling business, and when did that become bad? Why is TV somehow worse than books – OK, because books make you use your imagination. Well, why is TV worse than movies? Why is TV worse than plays? You know, theatre – my God, you’re a playwright, that’s so tremendous. But if it’s something that’s getting filmed, somehow you’re a hack.” And House, with his inherently rebellious nature, offers plenty of fodder for a storyteller. After all, he’s the guy with the chutzpah to say everything you think – and much, much more. Does Shore share some of the same rebelliousness as his fictional creation? “I’m a rebel in the sense that I do look at things and, like anybody does, go, ‘Oh God, give me a break,’” he says. “I am just in a situation where I’ve got a pulpit to actually say ‘give me a break’ to 19 million people.”

Stacey Gibson is the managing editor of U of T Magazine.

Click here to watch a video of David Shore talking about how he came up with the House character

Graham Yost (BA 1980 TRIN), who has written for both the big and small screens, comes by his love of movies honestly: his father is Elwy Yost (BA 1948), who hosted TVOntario’s Saturday Night at the Movies for a quarter century. (Elwy once sent his son to school with the note: “Graham is late for school because I had him stay up late to watch Citizen Kane.”) Yost is creator, executive producer and writer of Raines – the police drama featuring Jeff Goldblum as an LAPD homicide detective with an eccentric manner of solving murders (chiefly, having imagined conversations with dead victims). Yost was the creator and executive producer of the TV show Boomtown, and a writer on the miniseries Band of Brothers and the Sandra Bullock/Keanu Reeves flick Speed. He is now a writer and co-executive producer on the HBO miniseries The Pacific.

It’s hard to mention David Hoselton (LLB 1982), a co-producer on House, without mentioning screenwriter Lorne Cameron (LLB 1982), given their extensive collaboration. The gig that started it all? The inaugural Law Follies in 1979 – which was emceed by their friend David Shore. More illustrious jobs were in their future: they wrote First Knight, featuring Sean Connery as King Arthur, the Disney-animated feature Brother Bear and the DreamWorks Animation film Over the Hedge.

As a writer at The Varsity student newspaper, Tim Long (BA 1992 UC) recognized he had a “knack for making fun of people,” he told U of T Magazine in 2001. He parlayed that dubious gift into the kind of career not listed in guidance counsellors’ handbooks: professional lampoonist. Long interned at Spy Magazine, and has been a staff writer at Politically Incorrect and head writer at The Late Show with David Letterman. He has now spent nearly a decade putting words in the cartoon mouths of the buffoonish brood The Simpsons. Long is a supervising producer on the show, and was also a consulting writer on The Simpsons Movie.

The confusion persisted, so McKinley, 63, found a new job in a quieter environment at a lawyer’s office, not far from her home in Picton, Ontario. One morning, she forgot how to turn her computer on. Not long after, while making bread, she poured flour into the sink instead of the breadmaker. Putting in dentures – something she’d done every morning for years – suddenly proved baffling. “At that point,” she says, “I knew something was screwy.”

McKinley booked an appointment with her doctor and underwent a battery of tests, including a mini-mental state examination – 11 questions that physicians commonly use to screen for dementia. The doctor asked McKinley to state the day’s date and the location of his office. He asked her to fold a piece of paper in half and put it on the floor. When he asked her to count backward from 100 by sevens, her brain seemed to freeze; she couldn’t remember how. McKinley says the doctor’s eventual diagnosis – Alzheimer’s disease – came as a complete surprise to her. “I didn’t know much about Alzheimer’s, except that it affects old people,” she told me one sunny afternoon in October. “And I didn’t feel that old.”

***

Dr. Peter St. George-Hyslop didn’t know much about Alzheimer’s disease, either, when he was a second year medical student at the University of Ottawa. He recalls examining a woman who exhibited no physical problems but appeared confused and couldn’t remember why she had come to see a doctor in the first place. “It was very intriguing to me,” says St. George-Hyslop, now a U of T professor and leading authority on Alzheimer’s. “Everything worked, except her faculties of higher reasoning.”

A talented medical student who graduated at the age of 21, St. George-Hyslop went on to train in neurology and internal medicine and do post-doctoral work in molecular genetics at Harvard Medical School. There, he began investigating the genetic underpinnings of Alzheimer’s, a cruel and, as of yet, incurable disease that gradually robs patients of their memory and all higher thought processes. St. George-Hyslop was intrigued by the gooey plaques and tangled fibres – first observed by the German physician Alois Alzheimer more than 70 years earlier – that develop in the brains of those with Alzheimer’s. In 1990, he returned to Toronto, to U of T’s newly established Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CRND), to continue his work in genetics and study how these plaques and tangles form. Today, he leads the research efforts of more than 60 CRND staff as they hunt the genetic causes of – and potential treatments for – some of humanity’s most debilitating brain illnesses, including Alzheimer’s.

It’s an immense undertaking. Research into the genetic causes of a disease is an extremely complex, time-consuming and competitive process that involves gradually narrowing down the location of one or more genes from the estimated 20,000 that comprise the human genome. In his book, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins compares the human genome to 46 rolls of ticker tape – corresponding to the 46 human chromosomes. On these ticker tapes is written an individual’s entire DNA code, comprising some three billion coding units called “base pairs.” Dawkins defines a gene as a section of code on one ticker tape, with nothing to clearly mark the end of one gene and the start of another. One can understand, then, why locating a specific gene is so difficult.

By the time St. George-Hyslop arrived at CRND, the race to be the first to identify a major gene responsible for Alzheimer’s was in full swing. In 1992, scientists narrowed the search to a large section of Chromosome 14. Through some clever detective work and painstaking analysis over the next few years, St. George-Hyslop and his team eventually identified a single mutation in a previously unknown gene on Chromosome 14 as a cause of early-onset Alzheimer’s. The gene, which they called “presenilin 1,” heralded CRND’s arrival as a significant international force. “That really was a fiercely competitive piece of research,” recalls St. George-Hyslop, noting that several other academic groups and biotech companies had been hunting for the same gene. Being first confers a range of advantages: international accolades and attention, and the likelihood of greater research funding. “In terms of getting grants, it’s much better to say, ‘I was first,’” says St. George-Hyslop, who seems to appreciate such accolades more for their help in advancing the centre’s mission than any sense of personal reward. “I like an interesting problem and a neat solution. I prefer not to be publicly outlined.”

CRND’s discovery of presenilin 1 (and, a few months later, presenilin 2) helped guide the direction of subsequent research into Alzheimer’s disease. As St. George-Hyslop explains, the presenilin genes produce proteins that initiate the disease. He understood that by learning how these proteins interact with each other and the neurons they destroyed, he and his team might be able to point the way to new Alzheimer’s treatments. They might, for example, be able to propose how to stop the body from producing the amyloid-beta protein that causes the toxic plaques, remove it from the brain or prevent it from aggregating into plaques. Then, they might be able to provide new hope for the millions of people worldwide – and the 300,000 in Canada – who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease.

***

Doctors advise Alzheimer’s patients to stay as active as possible, since studies show that physical and mental stimulation may help slow the disease’s inevitable progression.

McKinley, who enjoys doting on her 10 grandchildren, couldn’t imagine not living an active lifestyle. “If you sit and dwell on it, and think ‘Poor me,’ you’ll go downhill fast,” she says. Instead, McKinley, now retired, writes a weekly blog and still manages to bake bread every other day. Last summer, she and her husband, Jim, cycled the country roads outside of Picton on a tandem bike. For a while, she hosted an online chat room for Alzheimer’s sufferers and caregivers run by the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Disease at Rockefeller University in New York City. She still spends several hours a day online, researching her condition and sharing information about it with some of the more than 600 people she’s met in the chat room in the past two years. Gregarious by nature, McKinley keeps a detailed record of everyone she meets. “I love chatting with people,” she says.

So far, McKinley hasn’t experienced the debilitating short-term memory loss that affects most Alzheimer’s patients. In fact, this oddity cast some doubt on McKinley’s diagnosis. Dr. Sandra Black, the head of neurology at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, tested McKinley and told her she has a form of frontotemporal dementia, a condition similar to Alzheimer’s. After running additional tests, Black changed her mind and now believes the original diagnosis is correct. “It seems to depend on what my brain is doing on any given day,” shrugs McKinley, who also suffers from poor balance, an early indication of Alzheimer’s.

Medications have eased McKinley’s symptoms. She takes Aricept and Ebixa – drugs that temporarily reduce the telltale signs of Alzheimer’s but don’t halt or slow its progression. Since starting the two drugs about a year-and-a-half ago, “things have gotten better and better,” she says.

Still, the disease has forced McKinley to adapt. She gave up driving after a scare while overtaking a farm tractor on the road to Picton. (She noticed an oncoming truck and couldn’t decide whether to slow down or speed up to pass.) She doesn’t enjoy dinner parties; the loud, overlapping conversations confuse her. McKinley uses a walker outside the house to keep her balance. Inside, she steps carefully, placing one hand on the furniture, a wall, the door, to steady herself. Despite facing daunting challenges and a grim prognosis, she refuses to succumb to anger or self-pity. “This is just a new part of life, another journey,” she says, philosophically. “You just do things a little differently: a little more slowly.”

Like many Alzheimer’s patients and their caregivers, McKinley watches closely for news of drug developments. She tells me about a potential new drug that’s designed to prevent the amyloid plaques from forming in the brain. “A few people say that it will reverse symptoms,” she says, hopefully. “There’s a lot of talk in the chat room about that.”

***

From the moment a scientist isolates a molecule with intriguing therapeutic potential to the day Health Canada approves it for public use is a long and tortuous journey with many potential dead-ends. The whole process often takes a decade or longer, and the vast majority of potential drugs don’t make it out of the testing phase. Earlier this year, Quebec-based Neurochem announced plans to market Alzhemed, its leading Alzheimer’s candidate drug, as a nutraceutical (a dietary supplement) rather than a drug after testing in patients failed to show conclusive positive results.

Patients and caregivers grasp at any hint of hopeful news, which is why St. George-Hyslop is careful to be realistic about CRND’s efforts in the area of potential therapies. Yes, pharmaceutical companies are testing some interesting possibilities as a result of the centre’s research, but no, there’s nothing that actually slows the disease in Alzheimer’s patients – yet. He prefers to steer attention to the centre’s investigations into the biology of how the disease progresses.

Since St. George-Hyslop and his team identified mutations in the presenilin genes as a cause of Alzheimer’s, some of the centre’s researchers have been seeking to understand exactly what the presenilin genes do and how mutations in these genes lead to the disease. As is often the case with scientific investigation, things are significantly more complex than they first appear.

Paul Fraser, one of CRND’s principal researchers, has worked closely with St. George-Hyslop since arriving at the centre in 1991. Fraser earned a PhD in biochemistry at U of T and did post-doctoral work in neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. He has spent a lot of time investigating the presenilin genes, which, it turns out, regulate not just a single protein in the brain, but a whole family of proteins involved in producing amyloid. Scientists have uncovered four major proteins, says Fraser, but there are “probably many more that impact on each of those four.” In 2006, Fraser was part of an international research team led by the University of Toronto that uncovered TMP21, a naturally occurring protein in the brain that inhibits the production of amyloid.

Figuring out what all these proteins do and how they interact will be a time-consuming process, requiring years of lab work. But the knowledge should yield some promising avenues for new therapies. Teasing out exactly how TMP21 inhibits amyloid, for example, and why it doesn’t affect other functions in the presenilin complex could provide a blueprint for an effective drug. (Presenilin governs several important signalling processes in the brain, and previous attempts to block or slow the production of amyloid have resulted in serious complications in patients.)

On another front, the centre has conducted research that could lead to an Alzheimer’s vaccine. In 2000, St. George-Hyslop and his team showed that a vaccine worked in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s. The vaccine went into clinical trials, but the trials were stopped when some of the immunized patients developed brain inflammation. Since then, CRND’s researchers have shown what may have caused the toxic effect. This work has served as a basis for the development of new, refined vaccines.

Last year, CRND researchers published a paper in Nature Medicine describing a molecule that prevents the amyloid protein from aggregating into toxic plaques. The centre tested the molecule in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s and found it improved the mice’s cognitive ability. CRND has licensed the potential drug to Toronto’s Transition Therapeutics for testing in humans. In August, Transition announced the successful completion of Phase 1 clinical trials (to test the drug’s tolerability in healthy humans) but has yet to start Phase 2 trials (to test tolerability in people with Alzheimer’s). At this early stage of development, the drug is still a long shot to succeed.

Despite all of these intriguing therapeutic possibilities, St. George-Hyslop believes an effective Alzheimer’s treatment may still be many years away. He compares our understanding of the disease today to where cancer research was 20 years ago. The first generation of anti-amyloid drugs are being tested and, until the results are in, “all bets are off,” he says. Although confident that new therapies will slow the disease and may even induce a slight improvement in patients, he’s doubtful that removing the amyloid plaques is the end of the story.

St. George-Hyslop is particularly concerned about the tangled fibres that form inside diseased neurons. Although it’s possible that treating the amyloid will be all that’s necessary to bring about improvements in Alzheimer’s patients, the amyloid may, in fact, have caused tangles to form or irreversibly damaged neurons in other ways. In other words, simply removing amyloid from the brain, or preventing it from aggregating, may not be enough. (Scientists now believe that amyloid builds up in the brain for years, or even decades, before patients start to show symptoms.) St. George-Hyslop worries that the tangles, which are deadly to neurons, may cause the disease to progress until they are stopped. “That’s a major concern at this point,” he says.

Research into any disease proceeds in three phases: first, understanding its causes and how it works; then, designing treatments to stop or prevent it; and finally, repairing the damage it has caused. So far, most Alzheimer’s research falls into the first category; work on the second phase, designing treatments, is just beginning. However, CRND is now looking for researchers for the final stage – studying how neurons are born, move around the brain and connect with each other – in the hope of being able to repair brain damage.

Last spring, St. George-Hyslop won the $5-million Premier’s Summit Award, which recognizes world-class research in Ontario. He will use the money to recruit researchers interested in neuronal repair. This type of study is in its infancy, but could have huge implications not only for people with Alzheimer’s disease, but for individuals who have had a stroke or who have a brain tumour or mental retardation, says St. George Hyslop. “Even in a simple animal, such as a worm or fly, understanding these processes is going to be very difficult. In humans it will take a decade or two.”

As with all research endeavours, money is crucial – and not always easy to come by. For the bulk of its funding, CRND relies on peer-reviewed research grants and donations from individuals and non-profit societies interested in neurodegenerative diseases. Although a $5-million grant is considered unusually large in Canada, St. George-Hyslop says it would be fairly typical in the U.S. With its funding limits, CRND must choose its projects carefully. “Right now we’re constrained to pursuing a number of main ideas, but there are many other projects we could do in six months or a year if we had the resources,” he says. In the meantime, the difficult lab work continues. St. George-Hyslop doesn’t encounter Alzheimer’s patients on a day-to-day basis, but the centre has relationships with many of the families who have donated DNA for studies. He’s aware that they’re grateful for the groundbreaking research at CRND, but he’s not prepared to accept any plaudits – not until an effective treatment is found. “We haven’t accomplished our goal yet,” he says.

***

McKinley understands that her condition will worsen. She remains hopeful, however, that the work of St. George-Hyslop and other researchers around the world will lead to an effective treatment and, one day, a cure. In the meantime, McKinley knows that, despite the drugs she is taking, she will gradually lose the ability to do many of the things she likes, such as baking bread and cycling with her husband. I ask her if she fears for the future. She shakes her head, smiles. “I’m loving life and I have a very good feeling with God,” she says. “I have no problem moving on.”

Scott Anderson is the editor of U of T Magazine.

Two types of genetic tests exist for Alzheimer’s. A predictive test determines whether an unaffected person has a very high chance of developing the disease, but is useful for only the small number of people who carry a genetic mutation causing the early-onset form. (At least 90 per cent of Alzheimer’s cases are late onset and not clearly hereditary, so a negative test result doesn’t rule out the possibility of developing the disease.)

Another test, known as genetic risk assessment, indicates if someone has a somewhat greater likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s, but it can’t predict with any certainty who will or will not develop the disease. Because the test is not predictive, it’s not offered as a clinical service in Canada.

People considering genetic testing for Alzheimer’s will want to think carefully about how a positive result could affect them – and family members – psychologically, since there is no long-term effective treatment or cure.They may also want to think twice before stepping into a legal grey zone, says Trudo Lemmens, a U of T law professor and coauthor of the book Reading the Future? Legal and Ethical Challenges of Predictive Genetic Testing. Lemmens says the law is still unclear, for example, about who can use the information from a genetic test and for what purpose. Should insurance companies be able to screen people on the basis of a genetic test? What about adoption agencies and employers? “Risk of early death is certainly information that would be interesting to some of these groups,” he says.

As the tests become cheaper to conduct, Lemmens says insurance companies could use genetic information to deny coverage or charge higher premiums to individuals with an increased risk of developing a life-threatening disease. In theory, employers could use it to exclude employees with undesirable traits from the workplace, and adoption agencies could use it to rule out some prospective parents.

On the other hand, there are situations in which the genetic test results could prove beneficial. For people who have a family history of Alzheimer’s, a negative result could yield a reduction in insurance premiums. (These people normally pay higher premiums, since insurance companies already use family medical history to assess an individual’s health risks.)

To guard against the misuse of genetic information, the law should regulate who can conduct genetic testing and for what purpose, says Lemmens. “This is a fundamentally personal decision. We don’t want people to be forced to undergo genetic testing for employment or insurance purposes, for example, and to know something they didn’t want to know.”

The real excitement is below ground.

Accompanied by an official from CERN’s press office, I make my way to the northeastern corner of the complex – to Building 2155 – where Mike Lamont, a senior CERN engineer, greets me. Lamont hands me a hard hat and ushers me through a series of security doors and into what looks like a large freight elevator. We descend 80 metres below ground to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). When it’s switched on this spring, the $8-billion facility will be the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator – and the biggest, most complex science experiment ever devised.

The accelerator is being built in a tunnel that’s shaped like an enormous doughnut, 8.5 kilometres in diameter. Longer than the London Underground’s Circle Line, the tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France, lying underneath towns and farms in both countries. As I look down the length of the tunnel’s concrete walls, I can just see where it begins to curve. Lamont tells me that were I to broach the security doors and enter the tunnel when the accelerator was running, the radiation would make my visit brief. “You’d be dead within a few minutes,” he says dryly.

Work crews are still constructing the LHC, although the section we’re visiting is almost complete. As Lamont and I stand by the tunnel wall, the only sounds we can hear are the rumbling of vacuum pumps and the distant footsteps of engineers and scientists. In front of us is a blue and silver metal pipe about a metre wide, which runs the length of the tunnel. Lamont explains that inside the pipe, streams of protons will be accelerated to within a fraction of the speed of light. (The protons will move so close to the speed of light, in fact, that if they chased a beam of light on the four-year journey to Alpha Centauri, the nearest star to our sun, they’d lose the race by a single second.) The world’s largest array of superconducting electromagnets will steer the accelerated protons around the pipe. To keep the current flowing in these magnets resistance-free, huge tanks of liquid helium will cool them to a temperature of 1.9 degrees above absolute zero – about one degree colder than outer space. The protons will zip around the pipe at a rate of more than 11,000 laps per second, passing breezily back and forth between France and Switzerland on every lap.

At the same time, the scientists will send a second stream of protons whizzing through the pipe in the opposite direction. The debris from the resulting proton collisions will be like gold to the physicists – who include a large U of T contingent. The LHC will allow scientists to glimpse exotic particles and, by simulating the conditions in the early universe, help them understand how the fundamental building blocks of matter interact. Experiments at the LHC could help explain why there’s so much matter and so little antimatter in the universe. They could give physicists a peek at possible extra dimensions beyond the three dimensions of space – and one for time – that we’re familiar with. And, perhaps above all, they may help explain the origin of mass – why the universe is full of stars and galaxies in the first place.

Erich Poppitz, a U of T theoretical physicist who was spending a month at CERN when I visited last summer, described the LHC as “the most important experiment to come online in particle physics in the last 20 or 30 years. It is certainly the most important experiment in my lifetime in physics.”

Particle physics has come a long way since scientists first began to probe the structure of the atom at the start of the 20th century. While the ancient Greeks imagined that the atom’s nucleus was an indivisible entity, scientists now know that the nucleus is made of two sorts of heavy particles – protons, with a positive electrical charge, and neutrons, with no charge. Swirling around these heavy particles are much lighter electrons, with a negative charge. By the 1970s, the number of fundamental particles (those thought not to be made up of anything smaller) swelled dramatically. Scientists discovered that protons and neutrons were made up of two kinds of quarks, dubbed “up” and “down.” Four other quarks, given such fanciful names as “charm,” “strange,” “top” and “bottom,” rarely show themselves in nature but have been created in particle accelerators. The electron has heavier cousins (also carrying a negative electrical charge) known as the muon and the tau. Physicists have also learned that the electron, muon and tau are each associated with a tiny, chargeless particle called a neutrino. And a handful of messenger particles, known as bosons, mediate interactions between all of the other particles. (If we think of quarks and electrons – the building blocks of solid matter – as political leaders, then bosons are the diplomats who shuttle information back and forth between them.) The mathematical description for these particles and their interactions is the Standard Model of particle physics.

In many ways, the Standard Model – developed more than 30 years ago – has held up remarkably well to experimental scrutiny. Several particles predicted by the model have subsequently been observed. (Scientists postulated the existence of the W and Z bosons in the late 1960s and discovered them at CERN in the 1980s.) The theory still suffers a significant flaw, though. A particle called the Higgs boson, first theorized in 1964 by Scottish physicist Peter Higgs, has yet to be observed. Finding the Higgs is a priority of LHC scientists. “It is really the one missing piece of the Standard Model,” says Richard Teuscher, a U of T experimental physicist who has been working on the LHC for nearly a decade. “It’s as if you’ve taken a whole chunk out of the puzzle; it doesn’t hold together.” In the world of particle physics, the Higgs shoulders a lot of responsibility. Some physicists jokingly refer to it as “the Godparticle.”

The Higgs boson is a vital part of the Standard Model because it explains why other particles exhibit the mass that they do. It explains, for example, why the top quark is so heavy (it’s almost as massive as an atom of gold), and why the electron is so light. The Higgs is thought to create a field (like an electromagnetic field) that permeates all of space. This field makes other particles seem heavy as they struggle to move through it. John Ellis, a theorist based at CERN, provides the analogy of a snowcovered field: “Imagine various people trying to cross the field,” he says. “If you’re wearing cross-country skis, you can go pretty fast.” The skiers correspond to a massless particle, like the photon, which travels at the speed of light. Now, consider somebody on snowshoes. “They go somewhat slower; they sink a little bit into the snow – they don’t travel at the speed of light, and for us that means that they have a non-zero mass.” Finally, consider someone trying to cross the field in hiking boots. “They’re going to sink way down into the snow; they’re going to go very, very slow indeed – and that will be a particle which has a very large mass.”

Most theorists are confident that the Higgs boson exists, believing that the only reason why no one has observed it yet is because of its large mass. Until now, no particle accelerator has been powerful enough to bring the Higgs into view. “For me, as an experimental physicist, until I’ve seen it, touched it, played with it, manipulated it in the lab, I don’t think we really have an understanding of it,” says William Trischuk, a U of T physics professor. “We have a mathematical model. Until we actually make one, it’s not really physics.” If the Higgs is real, the LHC ought to be able to find it – or else show that it doesn’t exist.

The LHC’s most sophisticated components are four particle detectors that are being assembled at different points along the circumference of the main tunnel. ATLAS (which stands for A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is one of the largest of these detectors. Scientists hope it will identify the exotic particles that appear when the two beams of protons smash into one another.

Like all of the LHC detectors, ATLAS lies deep below ground, in a concrete cavern that’s roughly the size of the main lobby of Toronto’s Union Station. Professor Teuscher guides me along the scaffolding that surrounds what looks like a jet engine – if you can imagine a jet engine the size of a small office building. When it’s finished, ATLAS will weigh 7,000 tonnes and be made from the same amount of steel that was used to construct the Eiffel Tower, says Teuscher.

Like many of the U of T faculty involved in assembling ATLAS, Teuscher is spending most of his time at CERN these days – especially now that the final stages of the detector are taking shape. Besides professors Teuscher and Trischuk, five other U of T physicists are directly involved with ATLAS: Robert Orr, who heads Canada’s ATLAS team; Pekka Sinervo, who will be stepping down as dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science next summer to work on the detector; and professors David Bailey, Peter Krieger and Pierre Savard. More than a dozen research associates and students (graduate and undergraduate) are also involved.

Teuscher points out some of ATLAS’s shiny metal components, explaining that magnets will steer the particles, calorimeters will measure their energy content, and a variety of tracking devices and detectors will record where the particles end up. A staggering array of electronic equipment will keep ATLAS’s parts working in concert. Many of the components that make up the calorimeters were built at U of T and shipped to CERN, where they will help Teuscher and his colleagues identify the particles being created deep within the detector.

The protons that will whiz through the accelerator will contain enormous amounts of energy. When they collide, some of that energy will be converted into matter, or particles with mass. (Einstein showed us how mass and energy are related with his iconic equation, E = mc2.) Usually these particles will be the familiar kind: quarks, electrons and muons. But very occasionally, the collisions may produce new particles, such as the long-sought-after Higgs. Other exotic particles that newer theories have proposed could also turn up – perhaps for the first time since the big bang, some 13.7 billion years ago.

While the LHC is better equipped than any other accelerator to create these exotic heavy particles, detecting them will still be enormously difficult. Heavy particles decay in an infinitesimally small fraction of a second, leaving only a puff of more familiar, stable particles. It’s this burst of secondary particles that ATLAS will detect. And with a clear picture of what these particles are doing – how fast they’re moving and in what direction – physicists hope to work backward to deduce what kinds of particles popped into existence inside the detector before they vanished. Apparently, catching particles is not quite like collecting butterflies with a net; instead, it’s more like identifying the Cheshire cat based on a snapshot of its fading smile.

To find the elusive Higgs, physicists will wade through oceans of data. The LHC will produce a staggering 600 million proton collisions every second. The raw data from the collisions will flow out of the detectors at a rate of 28 gigabytes a minute – enough to fill three million DVDs a year. Teuscher says that most of the collisions will be “uninteresting” – the protons will “just scatter off at an angle” rather than collide with the full force of the accelerator. “But a few times, there’ll be very interesting collisions,” he says – perhaps as many as 200 per second. That’s still an enormous amount of data, and it’s no surprise that physicists at the LHC will spend a lot of time at their computers – writing the programs to sift through the numbers, highlighting some collisions and ignoring others, and carefully examining the results.

The ATLAS team won’t be the only group looking for the Higgs. A second detector, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), sits just a few kilometres down the tunnel. (The word “compact” is misleading; when CMS is finished, it will weigh more than 12,000 tonnes.) CMS, like ATLAS, is being assembled in its own enormous underground chamber. It’s more of a “friendly competition” than a race, says Claire Timlin, a PhD student at Imperial College in London who is now based at CERN to work on the final stages of the CMS detector. If both teams are able to glimpse the fabled particle – two detections from two very different machines – it will confirm the idea that the Higgs really exists. Plus, she adds, it “gives both teams a push to achieve as much as they possibly can.”

In the 30 years since proposing the Standard Model, theoretical physicists have forged ahead with ever-more complex theories to explain how the universe works. One such theory – string theory – envisions a universe composed of tiny vibrating strings, along with unseen extra dimensions and perhaps universes beyond our own. Physicists are also looking for signs of supersymmetry – a model that suggests that the particles we have observed each have heavier, not-yet-seen partners. Supersymmetry could help explain why the masses of the known particles differ so greatly, and assist in the construction of the long-sought unified theory of physics. Yet without evidence that either supersymmetrical partner particles or string theory’s hidden dimension exist, such musings remain only that. Data from the LHC may finally show which of these new ideas is worth exploring further and which is a dead end.

Finding evidence at the LHC to support extra dimension or supersymmetry theory would herald a revolution in our view of the universe, says Teuscher. “For the first time, we’d have proof that these are not just dreams of ours – that they’re really something solid.” It’s no wonder that the completion of the LHC is one of the most anticipated events in the international physics community. When the LHC comes online next summer, it will mark the high point in the careers of hundreds of scientists. These theorists and experimentalists have been waiting for decades to see what lies beyond the familiar quarks and photons and electrons of the Standard Model. “It will be all unknown,” says Teuscher. “It will be like going to a continent for the first time and exploring a new, uncharted territory.”

Dan Falk is a science journalist in Toronto and the author of Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything. He is writing a book about time, which McClelland & Stewart will publish in 2008.

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The Lawson Foundation
The Lupina Foundation
The Maytree Foundation
McCarthy Tétrault LLP
The J.W. McConnell Family Foundation
McKesson Canada
Medicine Class of 2005
Merck Frosst Canada Ltd.
George Cedric Metcalf
Charitable Foundation
Microsoft Canada Co.
Microsoft Corporation
The Minto Foundation
The Kenneth M. Molson Foundation
Morguard Corporation
Newmont Mining Corporation of Canada Limited
Nobel Biocare Canada Inc.
Novopharm Limited
Patheon Inc.
PCL Constructors Canada Inc.
Pharmasave Ontario
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Radiation Oncologists – PMH
RCGA Foundation
Rexall/Pharma Plus
The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation
Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation
The Salamander Foundation
Sanofi-aventis Canada Inc.
SMH Department of Ophthalmology
Smith & Nephew
St. Michael’s Hospital
St. Michael’s Imaging Consultants
State Farm Companies Foundation
Students’ Administrative Council of the U of T
Sun Microsystems Inc.
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre – Division of Urology
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Foundation
Széchenyi Society Inc.
The Toronto Notes for Medical Students in honour of the Classes of 2006 and 2007
Toronto Centre for Lesbian and Gay Studies
Toronto Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital Imaging Consultants
TSX Group Inc.
University Health Network and Toronto General & Western Hospital Foundation
University Medical Imaging Centre
University of Toronto Alumni Association
University of Toronto – Chemistry Club
University of Toronto Schools’ Alumni Association
UofT Medical Class of 2004
Vancouver Foundation
The W. Garfield Weston Foundation
12 Anonymous Donors
$25,000 to $99,999
Rona Abramovitch and Jonathan Freedman
Kevin and Jill Adolphe
Cam Allen
Peter A.Allen
Richard Alway
Scott Anderson
Wm. John Armstrong and Barbara Armstrong
Catherine E.Atkinson Murray
Darrell R.Avram
George A. Babits
James Cameron Baillie
Baidar Bakht
Ralph M. Barford
Jack Barkin
Carol and Martin Barkin
Joseph J. Barnicke
Sterling Beckwith
Pierre J. Belanger
Michael and Wanda Bell
Ruth M. C. Rolph Bell
Brent Belzberg
R. M. Bennett
David Bernhardt
Roland Bertin
David R. Bloom
William and Marian Blott
Harald and Jean Bohne
Michael Borger
Harvey Botting
Walter M. and Lisa Balfour Bowen
J. Edward Boyce
E. Marion (Cooper) Brancaccio
David G. Broadhurst
Carl F. Brown
Stewart Brown
Robert L. Burton
Vivian and David Campbell
Luigi and Margaret Casella
John and Mary Cassaday
Margaret J. and John Catto
Saroj and Fakir Chachra
Mary Anne Chambers
Marshall L. Chasin and Joanne Deluzio
Louis and Lisa Cheng
Steven Chepa
Anne K. Chun
Ruth M. O. Clarke
The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson
Christine M. Clement
Howard Cohen and Ron Soskolne
Ted and Elaine Cole
David Connolly
William J. Corcoran
Murray A. and Katherine Corlett
William Craig
D.Aleck Dadson
Gail Darling
Timothy D. Dattels
Bryan P. Davies and Andra Takacs
Glen Davis
William B. Davis
Alfredo De Gasperis and Marc Muzzo
Derrick de Kerckhove
Michael and Honor de Pencier
Marc De Perrot
William G. and Wendy Jean Dean
Thomas Di Giacomo
A. Ephraim Diamond
Gregory Dimmer
Jon Dorrington
Jeanne Douglas
Lois Downing
Raymond Dwarte
Harvey L. Dyck
B. Muriel Eastwood
Margaret E. Emmerson
The Evans Family
James M. Farley
Shari Graham Fell
Veronica Fenyves
Graeme and Phyllis Ferguson
W. Craig Ferguson
John C. Field
Jack M. Fine
J. Colin Finlayson
Beata and Leo FitzPatrick
Donald Lloyd and Wendy D. Fraser
Brian D. Freeland
Fred Gentili
Barnett and Beverley Giblon
J. Ian Giffen and Helen Bozinovski
Martin Goldfarb
Blake C. Goldring
John and Mary Goodwin
Allan G. Gornall
Malcolm Graham
Ron and Gillian Graham
Al and Malka Green
Barbara H. Greene
Edward L. Greenspan
Rose Greenstein
Alex and George Grossman
George Grossman
Mary C. Ham
Lynda C. Hamilton
Kenneth and Patricia Hanson
W. Jason Hanson
Andrew J. M. Hazeland
William L. B. Heath
Gerald R. Heffernan
Thomas H. Heinsoo
John D. M. Helston
James and Isabel Henniger
Esther Greenglass and George Hiraki Fund
Phyllis Saunders Holmes
Velma P.W. Howie
John Hughes
Renata L. Humphries
J. Peter and Hélène Hunt
William H. Irwin
Edward J. R. Jackman
C. Douglas and Ruth (Crooker) Jay
F. Ross and Susan L. Johnson
Michael R. Johnston
Roberta, Raynard and Winston Jong
Fred Kan
Fred and May Karp
Arthur P. Kennedy
Shaf Keshavjee
Nathan Keyfitz
Bruce Kidd
Marnie Kinsley
Eric V. Klein
Marianna Korman
Jacques Kornberg
Robert Kulyk
Willem O. Kwant
Bernard Langer
Jacob Charles Langer
Donald G. Lawson
Jimmy Y. C. Lee
David M. B. LeGresley
Anne P. Leigh
David Lesk
Samuel and Evelyn Librach
Fred Litwin
Bob and Kam Lo
Kenneth Lo Lok Fung
V. Lobodowsky
Che Anne Loewen
Sheila and Sydney Loftus and Family
Judith Isaacs Ludwig
Grant Lum
Antony T. F. Lundy
Larry Lundy and Elizabeth (Langford) Julian
Molly (Patterson) and Bill Macdonald
Hugh and Laura MacKinnon
Margaret O. MacMillan
Suzanna Mak
Evelyn Y. F. Man
Katharina Manassis
Rocco and Jennifer Marcello
The Right Honourable Paul Martin
Roger Martin and Nancy Lang
John C. and Margaret
Stanley Maynard
Jean C. L. McArthur
John H. and Netilia McArthur
Jack McAteer
Leighton W. McCarthy
Don McCrossan
John and Aileen McGrath
Hugh D. McKellar
Margaret E. McKelvey
John L. McLaughlin
R. Peter and Virginia McLaughlin
Kathleen McMorrow
Anthony and Valerie Melman
The Menkes Family
Carole Messier-Mirkopoulos
Murray R. Metcalfe
Hugh and Heather Millar
Guy W. Mills
Charles K. Minns
Tom Mitchinson
Susan Monteith and Ronald J.Walker
David Moore
George W. Kent Moore
Harold J. Murphy
Krish Murti
David and Mary Neelands
John Nixon
Gary R. Norton
Mary Catherine T. O’Brien
John Martin O’Connell and Martine Bouchard
Louis L. and Patricia M. Odette
Peter O’Hagan
Brian and Anneliese O’Malley
Simon Ortiz
Michael Jackson Paine
David Palmer
Olive Pester
Paul J. and Patricia R. Phoenix
Andrew Pierre
Sandra and James B. Pitblado
Helene Polatajko and W.C.
(Pete) Howell
Gordon Poole
Nora Post
Alfred and Louise Powis
H. Guy and Eunice Poyton
C. K. and Gayatri Prahalad
Jonas J. Prince
Guido Pugliese
Olga L. Pugliese
Bruce R. Pynn
Deepak Ramachandran
Ram and Usha Ramkumar
Vivek Rao
David Rayside
Donald B. Redfern
James A. Rendall
Russell A. Reynolds
Elena Riabenko
Marvi and John Ricker
Joseph H. Robertson
Gerry Rocchi
David S. Rootman
Donald M. Ross
Michael and Sheila Royce
Edward Rygiel
Sean D. Sadler
George Sandor
Louis Savlov
John A. Sawyer
Arthur and Susan Scace
Beverly and Fred Schaeffer
Lionel and Carol Schipper
Robert Schott
Grace W. Scott
Wes Scott
Larry E. Seeley
R. Dorene Seltzer
Gail Ferriss Sheard
Roy J. Shephard
Debra Shime
Jonathan Shime
Pamela Shime
Sandra Shime and Stuart Svonkin
Frances Silverman
Charles and Lynne Simon
Pamela Singer
Kenneth Carless Smith and
Laura C. Fujino
Sam Sniderman
Joseph Sommerfreund
Edward and Marisa Sorbara
Joseph D. M. Sorbara
Mickey and Annette
Convey Spillane
Cathy Spoel
Peter St George-Hyslop
Margaret K. St. Clair
Barbara H. Stanton
Linn and Barbara Stanton
Volker Stein
Lilly Offenbach Strauss
Mary Alice and Alexander
K. Stuart
Jordan Sydney Swartz
Willard B.Taylor
Martin Teplitsky
Karel and Yoka terBrugge
Ellen J.Timbrell
James M.Tory
Harriet E. C.Tunmer
Carolyn Tuohy and The Walter and Mary Tuohy Foundation
A. C.Tupker
Theodore van der Veen
John Vivash
James P.Waddell
Thomas K.Waddell
Joanne Waddington
Quentin Wahl
Olwen Walker
Elizabeth Walter
Nadia Walter
Paul and Sally Wang
David G.Ward
Paul D.Warner
Mary-Margaret Webb
Pamela G.Whelan
H. Brian and Patricia R. White
Jack Whiteside
Lorne T.Wickerson
William P.Wilder
Doreen M.Williams
Carl Witus
Percy Chi Hung Wong
W. Murray Wonham
Andrew and Lisa Wu
S.Adrian Yaffe
Ronald H.Yamada
Rosemary Zigrossi
Daniel Zuzak

Abbott Laboratories Limited
Academy for Lifelong Learning
Aga Khan Trust for Culture
Air Canada
Alcon Research Limited
ALTANA Pharma Inc.
Alumni Association of Woodsworth College
Architectural School Products Limited
Association for Korea and Canada Cultural Exchange
Astra Tech Inc.
Basilian Fathers of St. Basil’s Parish
Bazaar & Novelty
BDO Dunwoody LLP
The Benjamin Foundation
Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP
Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Group
Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation Toronto, Canada
CAE Inc.
The Canada Council
Canadian Coalition for Good Governance
Canadian Federation of University Women, Scarborough
Canadian Foundation for the Advancement of Orthodontics
Canadian-German Festival
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
Canadian Jewish News Fund
Canadian Opera Volunteer Committee
Canadian Sugar Institute
Centre For International Governance Innovation
Centro Scuola-Canadian
Cntr for Italian Culture & Education
CIBC
Citibank Canada
Jeffrey Cook Charitable Foundation
Corporation of Massey Hall and Roy Thomson Hall
Dairy Farmers of Canada
Dalton Chemical Laboratories Incorporated
N. M. Davis Corporation Limited
Diamante Development Corporation / Hon Kwok,Wong
Diamond and Schmitt Architects Incorporated
The Alex and Ruth Dworkin Foundation of the Jewish Community Foundation of Montreal
Earhart Foundation
Effem Foods Ltd.
Emergency Physicians UHN, the Director’s Academic Fund at the UHN and the UHN Foundation Emergency Patients TGD Fund
Enwave Energy Corporation
ERCO Worldwide
ethica Clinical Research Inc.
Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP
Federation of Chinese Canadian Professionals (Ontario) Education Foundation
The Federation of Engineering and Scientific Associations
Fernbrook Homes
Fielding Chemical Technologies Inc.
FirstService Corporation
The Foundation for Better Communities
Foundation for Support of the Korean Studies at the University of Toronto
Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP
Galin Foundation
Frederick G. Gardiner Trust
Percy R. Gardiner Foundation
General Mills Canada Inc.
The Genesis Research Foundation
Gluskin Sheff + Associates Inc.
Goodman and Carr LLP
Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP
Greater Toronto Sewer and Watermain Contractors Association
The Grosso Group
Halcrow Yolles
Halocom Society of Canada Ltd.
Hanlan Boat Club
Harmonize for Speech Fund – Ontario District SPEBSQSA
The Joan and Clifford Hatch Foundation
Health Research Foundation
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario
The Heinrichs Foundation
H. J. Heinz Company of Canada Limited
Adrian and Reta Hudson Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.
Hydrogenics Corporation
Imara (Wynford Drive) Ltd.
Insolvency Institute of Canada
The Institute for Technology in Health Care
DRI Capital Inc.
Irish Cultural Society of Toronto
Ivara Corporation
Janssen-Ortho Inc.
JCT Management Inc.
Jewish Foundation of Greater Toronto
Jroberts Manufacturing Inc.
Kellogg Canada Inc.
The Kensington Foundation
Koskie Minsky
Kraft Canada Inc.
The Gladys Krieble
Delmas Foundation
Kuwabara Payne McKenna
Blumberg Architects
KWA Partners
Laidlaw Foundation
Lang Michener LLP
LG Electronics Canada, Inc.
Loblaw Companies Limited
Walter Lorenz Surgical Inc.
M&M Meat Shops Ltd.
Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada
Managerial Design Corporation
Manulife Financial
Maple Leaf Foods Inc.
Reid I. Martin Trust
The McLean Foundation
Mead Johnson Nutritionals
Medical Alumni Association, University of Toronto
MEDS 9T8
Meds 9T9
Medtronic of Canada Ltd.
The Metrontario Group
Mon Sheong Foundation
Monsanto Canada Inc.
F. K. Morrow Foundation
Moscow State Pedagogical University
Munich Reinsurance Company
National Institute of Nutrition
National Life of Canada
Nestlé Canada Incorporated
Richard John Newman Charitable Foundation
NOKIA Research Centre
Noranda Inc. and Falconbridge Ltd.
Northwater
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc.
Novo Nordisk Canada Inc.
Ontario Association of Orthodontists
Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers
Ontario I.O.O.F. Memorial Research Committee
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Ontario Professional Engineers – Foundation for Education
Ontario Society for Preventive Dentistry
Orafti Group
Ortho Biotech
Pathology Associates SMH
Fund for Robert and Dorothy Pitts Chair in
Acute Care Medicine
POGO Events
Quaker Tropicana
Gatorade Canada Inc.
The Redemptorists
Redwood Classics Apparel
Rohm and Haas Canada Incorporated
The Ryckman Trust
Salus Mundi Foundation
Scarborough Campus Student Union
Schering Canada Inc.
SciCan – Division of Lux and Zwingenberger Ltd.
Senior Alumni University of Toronto
Shoppers Drug Mart
Shouldice Designer Stone
Sing Tao Canada Foundation
Sodexho Canada
Somali Students Association
St. George’s Society of Toronto
St. Michael’s Hospital Emergency Associates
Straumann Canada Ltd.
Sunnybrook Health
Sciences Centre
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre – Department of Medical Imaging
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre – Division of Urology
Tamil Studies Coordinating Committee
Teck Cominco Ltd.
Tembec Inc.
Toronto Crown and Bridge Study Club
The Toronto Star
The William and Nancy Turner Foundation
U of T Women’s Association
Unilever Canada Limited
University College Literary and Athletic Society
University Health Network, Division of Nephrology
University of Toronto – Hart House
University of Toronto Engineering Society
University of Toronto Faculty Association
University of Toronto Foundation
University of Toronto Schools Parents’ Association
Urban Strategies Inc.
Vicon Motion Systems
Victoria Women’s Association
The Wardens of Camp One
Eric T.Webster Foundation
White & Case
The H.W.Wilson Foundation
Wittington Properties Limited
Women in Capital Markets
Woodcliffe Corporation
Woodsworth College Students’ Association
Wyeth Canada
Wyeth Consumer Healthcare Inc.
Yamanouchi USA Foundation
The John Zdunic Charitable Foundation
Zimmer of Canada Ltd.
40 Anonymous Donors

$10,000 to $24,999
Susan M.Addario and David R. Draper
Antoinette Agostinelli
Syed W.Ahmed
Hira Ahuja
William and Haide Aide
John E.Akitt
Virginia and Oktay Aksan
Iyad Shareef Al-Attar and Mehran Omidvar
Derek Allen
Douglas Allen
Guy Pierce Allen
James E.Appleyard
Pasquale Arnone
Philip D.Arthur
David and Janis Auster
Salah Bachir
Brad and Katherine Badeau
John Bajc
Lawrence Baldachin
Daniel and Wendy Balena
Helen G. Balfour
Peter F. Barker
John and Iris Barrington- Leigh
Milton J. and Shirley Barry
Thomas J. Bata
Joel A. Baum
Jeannie Baxter
Isabel Bayrakdarian
Roger and Janet Beck
John Beckwith
Ernest E. and Susan Beecherl
Ruth M. Bentley
Hillel Berkovits
Andrew Bishop
Jill E. Black
Ronald B. M. Blainey
Earl R. Bogoch
Anne Adela and Ray W. Bonnah
Jean C. Borden
Justin C. Bowler
T. Rodney H. Box
Lynne and James Brennan
Margaret A. Brennan
Peter Brieger
William and Arden Broadhurst
David Brown
Lisa and Allan Brown and Family
Robert and Wendy Brown
Robert C. Brown
Gloria Buckley
Walter and Danuta Buczynski
Robert Burgess
John W. Burrows
Alice and Grant Burton
Shirley Byrne
Brendan Calder
John F. X. Callahan
Wendy Cameron
Bruce A. Campbell
Robin Campbell
Mavis Cariou
Neil and Blanche Carragher
Paul H. Carson
Mary J. Case
Mark Cattral
Augustine S. B. Chan
David K.T. Chau
David and Sandra Clandfield
Ruth Hunt Clarke
Stephen R. Clarke and Elizabeth Black
Margaret E. Cockshutt
Charlotte A. Coffen
Zane Cohen
John Colantonio and Family
Gordon Coleman
John Coles
Marsh A. Cooper
Ena Cord
Brian and Linda W. Corman
Evelyn and C. Graham Cotter
David Cowan
Norma Craig
Betty Craven
Elizabeth B. Crawford
Donald R. Crawshaw
Robert M. Cross
Walter Curlook
Aubrey Dan
Jennifer Dattels
Keith and Dorothy Davey
William G. Davis
Daniel Debow
George and Katherine Dembroski
David G. J. Desylva
Neil H. Dobbs
Janice and Anthony
Dobranowski
Cora Donely
Gail J. Donner
Anthony N. Doob
Robert C. Dowsett
Kenneth Duggan
Mike Dyon
David G. Earthy
Hazel F. Edwards
N. Murray and Heather Edwards
Freda M. Eickmeyer
Veneta Elieff
C.William J. Eliot
Dag Enhorning
Jaime Escallon
Li Wang Fai
Hope Fairley
Yahya A. Farag
Ahmed Farooq
Irwin Fefergrad
Christopher W.W. Field
J. Peter Foster
Leslie Foster
Judith Fox-Shapero
C. Lloyd Francis
John Frederick
Janet Frosst
John F. Futhey
Dominic Gammiero
Ruth Gannon
Michael Gardiner
John Gardner
Robert F. Garrison
Suzanne Gayn
Lawrence Geuss
Angela D. Gibson
Drew E. Gillanders
Leo and Sala Goldhar
Mitchell Goldhar
Morton Goldhar
Ronald N. Goldstein
Paul W. Gooch and Pauline Thompson
Joy Goodman
Nomi Goodman
David Gossage
Avrum I. and Linda Gotlieb
Peter A. Goulding and Frank (Barry) White
Helen and Jerry Grad and Family
Barry and Virginia Graham
Fred K. Graham
David R. Grant
Barry S. Green
Patrick and Freda Hart Green
Marion Greenberg and Richard Samuel
Thomas M. Greene
Paul D. Greig
Terry and Ruth Grier
Anthony F. Griffiths
Penny and Allan Gross
H. Donald Guthrie
Beverly Hendry Hain
Robert and Tracy Hain
Joyce E. Hall
Fred C. Hallden
Harold P. Hands
Gerald and Lilian Hart
William and Janet Hatanaka
Gerald G. Hatch
Sandra J. Hausman
Toni and Robin Healey
Donall and Joyce Healy
Harcus C. Hennigar
Garrett Herman
Roslyn and Murray Herst
Dorothy B. Hertig
Angela Hildyard
James Hill
James D. Hinds and Susan J. Weedon
Kwok Y. Ho
Patrick Purdy Holden
Alan Horn
Clay B. Horner
John Hull
Michael and Linda Hutcheon
Frank and Nancy Iacobucci
John P. Ibbitson
Ian Ihnatowycz
Sandra L. Irving
S. M. Irwin
Avrom Isaacs
Maruja Jackman
Krati Jain
L. Jakubovic
Joseph C. M. James
William James
Paul J. Jelec
Peter E. S. Jewett and Robin A. Campbell
Alexandra F. Johnston
Gary M. Jones
Sidney M. Kadish
Frank Kalamut
Harold Kalant
Yoon Kang
Joel Kaplan
William and Hiroko Keith
Claire M. C. Kennedy
Ian F.T. Kennedy
William S. Kennedy
Ruth Kerbel
Lawrence Kerslake
Edward and Ann Kerwin
Samuel Kestenberg
Fay Kewley
Elizabeth Kilbourn-Mackie
and Richard Mackie
Kathleen King
A. B. Kingsmill
John J. Kirton
Hal A. Koblin
Michael Koerner
The Honourable E. Leo Kolber
Ubby Krakauer
F.H. Kim Krenz
Horace Krever
Judith N. and J. Bruce Langstaff
Ellen A. Larsen
Ross Douglas and Ruth Lawrence
Laurie and Richard Lederman
Young Woo Lee
Marilyn J. Legge
Wey Leong
K. K. and Maicie Leung
John Leyerle and Patricia Eberle
Richard Liss
Terry Litovitz
Andrew C. L. Lo and Nick Lo
David Locker
William H. Loewen
Norman Donald Long
Robert and Patricia Lord
Ron Lowman
Adrian and Donald S. Macdonald
Avon MacFarlane
John R. MacInnis
Margaret B. Mackay
Donald H. H. MacKenzie
Catherine Y. MacKinnon
Don MacMillan
John and Gail
MacNaughton
Vincenzo Maida
Andre J. Mak
Jasdeep Mann
Patricia Barford-Mann and Ron Mann
Patricia and Alan Marchment
Colin Hal Marryatt
John Marshall
Joe Martin
G. Frank Mathewson
Lesia and William Maxwell
Joseph B. McArthur
Doris M. (Chisholm) McBean
Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson
Heather McCallum
Bob and Nancy McConachie
David McCready
James W. McCutcheon
Ian D. Mcgilvray
Rosemarie McGuire
Michael D. McKee
Robert D. and Joan McKeracher
David J. and Patricia McKnight
E. Richard S. McLaughlin Mark McLean
Wallace and Elizabeth McLeod
James M. McMullen
Joseph A. Medjuck and Laurie Deans
Patricia Meredith
Jerri Merritt Jones
Joan R. Mertens
Susan Adam Metzler
Pascal G. Michelucci
Jeremy Charles Millard
Irene R. Miller
Elliott Arthur Milstein
Jack Mintz
Murray and Patricia Mogan
Jan and Ben Monaghan
H.Alexander B. Monro
Joan C. Moody
Carole R. Moore
Roger D. Moore
Frances Moran
Oskar Morawetz
John W. Morden
Michael M. Mortson
Thomas P. Muir
Brennan Mulcahy
Robert D. Muncaster
Daniel J. Murphy
Norman J. and Nerina Murray
Robert Nam
David Naylor
Alan H. Nelson
David Noble
Janet L. Noonan
David J. and Kathleen Oakden
James A. (Tim) and Mary A. O’Brien
Edmond G. Odette
Marion (Irwin) O’Donnell
Cristina Oke
Niamh C. O’Laoghaire
Lois amd Tim O’Neill
Donald A. Organ
Desmond and Pamela O’Rorke
Gloria Orwin
Christopher D. Palin and Susan E. Middleton
Jocelyn Palm
Barbara D. Palmer
Joseph Charles Paradi
Mary Ann Parker
Mirella Pasquarelli-Clivio
Norm Paterson
Peter Pauly
Lois M. Pearce
Todd P. Penner
John R. S. Pepperell
Carol E. Percy
Anne Marie Pigott
Catherine Pigott
Frank and Connie Plastina
Christine J. Prudham
Boris Pulec
Borden C. Purcell
Paul J. Ranalli
Steven K. Ranson
Ruth Redelmeier
Donald and Nita Reed
Michael Jan Reedijk
Marie A. Restivo
Richard K. Reznick
Douglas Richards
Paul Richards
Marty and Ronnie Richman
Paul and Susan Riedlinger
Kelly Rodgers
Ted and Loretta Rogers
J. Barbara Rose
J. Nicholas and Lynn Ross
Lorne Rotstein
Ori Rotstein
Colin Rowland
Lucia Lee Rubaszek and Andy Rubaszek
Barry Rubin
Edward and Stella Rzadki
Raymond R. Sackler
Sal and Sheila Sarraino
Reza Satchu
Walter Warwick Sawyer
Marla Schacter and Kevin Jay Hanson
George Schaller
Emil Schemitsch
D. F. Daphne Schiff
J. Michael Schiff
Ken Schnell
Anthony Scilipoti
Anne Seaman
Johanna Sedlmayer-Katz
Shauna L. Sexsmith
David Shaw
Hazel Sheaffer
Ben Z. Shek
Brigitte Shim
Barbara Shum and Manos
Vourkoutiotis
Steve Shuper
Julie C. Silver
Meredith and Malcolm Silver
Marita Simbul Lezon
Ian Simmie
Monty and Judy Simmonds
John H. Simpson
Patricia Simpson
Joel Singer and Providenza Cancilla
Margaret Sisley
Henry Slaby
Gordon R. and Margaret J. Slemon
Ione Smith
Stephen and Jane Smith
Beutel Goodman & Company Ltd.
Henry B. Sokolowski
Timoteo Soto
Erik J. Spicer
Arthur Spoerri
Robert Steinberg
Allan Sternberg
Susan and Robert Stevenson
Duncan J. Stewart
John David Stewart
Bert and Barbara Stitt
Boris Stoicheff
Andrew T. Stuart
Janet Stubbs
Frederick S. Sturm
Berul and Edith Sugarman
Nancy Sullivan
Louise Ruth Summerhill
Neil Annie Sumner
Tom and Marilyn Sutton
Philip D. Symmonds
The Tanny Family
Joseph and Marcella Tanzola
Allan S.Tauber
Bryce Taylor
Ian and Kathleen Taylor
K. Denton Taylor
Laverne Taylor-Smith
Ian W.Telfer
Elizabeth Tory
Ann E.Tottenham
Natalie and Geoff Townsend
Gwenn R.Trout
Christina Ching Tsao
Tom Tsirakis
W. R.Twiss
Edward T. Unger
Sandra K. Upjohn
David R. Urbach
Bill and Sarah VanderBurgh
Michael Vertin and Margaret O’Gara
David and Roberta Vice
John Voss and June Li
Stephen M.Waddams
C.Ann Wainwright
Conrad and Rosemary Walker
F. Michael Walsh
Paul B.Walters
Helen M.Walton
Peter Warrian
Derek John Watchorn
Alex R.Waugh
John H.Wedge
Mark Weisdorf and Lorraine Bell
Lilian and Gordon Wells
Jeff W.Welsh
Alan White
Margaret White
Lenard Whiting
Margaret L.Whyte
Edward and Marie Wilhelm
George Wilson
Thomas and Elizabeth Wilson
Desmond and Eva Wong
Jason Wong
William Wing-Bill Wong
Ron Wootton
Donald J.Wright
Bill and Janet Young
John and Betty Youson
George Youssef
Eberhard H. Zeidler
Adam Zimmerman

Advanced Medical Optics (AMO)
Alcan Inc.
Amos Family Trust
David Richard Appert Living Trust
Arts & Science Students’ Union
Associates of University of Toronto at Mississauga
Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students at the University of Toronto
ATI Technologies Inc.
The Jane Austen Society of North America – Toronto Chapter
Avenue Travel Limited
Baker & McKenzie
Basilian Fathers
Bausch & Lomb Canada Inc.
Begonia Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
BIO150Y Teaching Team
BMO Fountain of Hope Employees’ Foundation
Bregman Ventures Inc.
Brockhaus Kommissionsgeschaft GmbH
The Brookfield Foundation
Edward Burtynsky Photography
The Cakery
Canadian Council of Chief Executives
Canadian Foundation for Ukrainian Studies
Canadian-Polish Congress
Carnegie Institution of Canada
Carswell, A Division of Thomson Canada Limited
Casco Inc.
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
CIBPA Education Foundation
Citytv, Division of CHUM Limited
Maurice Cody Research Trust
Collins & Aikman Plastics Ltd.
Cook Canada Inc.
Dainippon Pharmaceutical Company Limited
The Dalglish Family Foundation
Wolodymyr George Danyliw Foundation
Datex-Ohmeda (Canada) Inc.
Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP
Davis Orthodontics
DelZotto, Zorzi LLP
Division of Nephrology at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital
Dundee Precious Metals Inc.
Early English Text Society
Eastman Kodak Company
Edwards Charitable Foundation
The Duke Ellington Society Chapter 40
EllisDon Corporation
Embanet Corporation
Epilepsy Ontario
Epilepsy Research Fund of Canada
Export Development Canada
Famous Players Media Inc.
Raymond Farquharson Trust
Fisher & Ludlow,A Division of Harris Steel Limited
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George R. Gardiner Foundation
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Graduate Architecture Landscape & Design Student Union
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B & B Hamilton Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Hannah Rachel Production Services Ltd. (Take the Lead)
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Haynes-Connell Foundation
Honda Canada Inc.
Honeywell
The Hospital for Sick Children
Hungarian Helicon Foundation (Ontario)
IBM Canada Ltd.
IEEE Canada – Toronto Section
Inmet Mining Corporation
Julian Jacobs Architects
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Katedra Foundation
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Kimbar Corporation
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The Kololian Family
Later Life Learning
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Lederman Family Foundation
Leukemia Research Fund of Canada
Lewfam Foundation
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LexisNexis Canada Inc.
Lifeline Systems Canada Inc.
Linamar Corporation
Long & McQuade Musical Instruments
Longboat Roadrunners
Manulife Bank of Canada
Manus Canada Foundation
Maple Screw Products Ltd.
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
The McLaughlin Scholarship Trust Fund
Mercer Human Resource Consulting
MGP Ingredients Inc.
Miller Thomson LLP
Flora Morrison Research Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Mount Sinai Hospital – Department of Medicine Research Fund
Nature’s Earth Products Inc.
Nitido Inc.
Norbord Inc.
The Norfinch Group Inc.
Nortel Networks Limited
Ontario Association of Architects
Paliare Roland Rosenberg Rothstein LLP
Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Persian Heritage Foundation
Posluns Family Foundation
Power Corporation of Canada
Procter & Gamble Inc.
Public Works and Government Services Canada
Quadrangle Architects Limited
The Raymond-EdwardFoundation
Paul & Lea Reichmann Foundation
Rose Family Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Janet Rosenberg & Associates Landscape Architects Inc.
Rotary Club of Mississauga West
Saint Elizabeth Health Care
Sanofi-Synthelabo Canada Inc.
W. P. Scott Charitable Foundation
Sensor Chem International Corporation
Christopher Shelton Scholarship Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Siemens Canada Limited
Snell Medical Communication Inc.
Society of Graduates in Health Policy Mngt and Evaluation
The Sound Post
The Sprott Foundation
St. George’s Church
St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Church
St. Michael’s Hospital – Department of Medicine
St.Thomas’ Church, Toronto
Stephens Charitable Foundation
Subak Family Foundation
Sun Life Financial
TACC Construction Co. Ltd.
Taiwan Entrepreneur Society Taipei/Toronto
Janet & Herb Tanzer Charitable Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
TELUS Mobility
Tilzen Holdings Limited
Topax Export Packaging Systems
The Toronto Orthodontic Club
Toronto Public Library Board
Torys LLP
Trow Associates Inc.
UHN-MSH Anesthesia Associates
University Lodge 496 Awards Fund
University of St. Michael’s College
University of Toronto Press Inc.
Van Berkom and Associates Inc.
Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program
VC & Co. Incorporated
Villa Leonardo Gambin
Wellington Square United Church
Whitehots Inc.
Wintergreen Energy Corporation
The Barbara & Harvey Wolfe Family Charitable Foundation
Women’s Musical Club of Toronto Centennial Foundation
Yeung Chi Shing Estates Canada Limited
Zonta Club of Toronto
70 Anonymous Donors

$5,000 to $9,999
Carol L. and Albert Abugov
Peter A.Adamson
Harry F. M. and Marian F. K. Ade
Arthur S.Ainsberg
Gordon J.Alexander
Alan Alexandroff
Keith Allen
Maria Mercedes Power Allen
Daniel Almenara
Paul H.Ambrose
Cheryl M.Anderson
John Anderson
R.William Andrew
Philip Anisman
Bassel Annab and Tracy Talbot
Wayne Antoniazzi
Aldo A.Anzil
Steve Arenburg
E. Kay Armatage
Valerie A.Armstrong
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Ken Aucoin
Marlene C.Auspitz
Zubin Austin
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The Honourable James K. Bartleman
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HooDoo Films
Hunter Keilty Muntz & Beatty Limited
ICS Parents Association
Idee Inc.
IMA Explorations Inc.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario
International Life Sciences Institute – North American Branch
Investments Unlimited
Ireland Park Foundation
The Jonah Group Limited
Kassel’s Pharmacy
Keen Engineering Co. Ltd.
Patrick and Barbara Keenan Foundation
Ken Page Memorial Trust
Khaneh Iran Inc. Dba Persian Cultural Foundation
The Killy Foundation
The Kiwanis Club of Kingsway Humber
Knowledge Building Concepts Foundation
KPMG Canada
Samuel H. Kress Foundation
The Latitudes Foundation
LBL Holdings Ltd.
The Lee Foundation
Legal Aid Ontario
London Road West United Church
Heather L. Main Memorial Scholarship Fund
McCarthy Tétrault Foundation
McDonald’s Restaurants of Canada Limited
McKellar Structured Settlements Inc.
McLean Budden Limited
McMillan Binch Mendelohn
McMillan Family Foundation
Medicine Class of 0T1
Mennonite Historical Society of British Columbia
Mermax Holdings Limited
Microsoft Research Limited
Millwork Home Centre
Ministry of Natural Resources – Forests Division
Moriyama & Teshima Architects
National Pharmaceutical Sciences Group
The Northup/Lawson Memorial Trust Fund
Novartis Opthalmics
OMSW – 2002
Ontario Acoustic Supply Inc.
Ontario Association of Landscape Architects
Ontario Council of Painters
Ontario Dental Association
Ontario Power Generation
Organon Canada Limited
Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP
Ottawa Carleton Pharmacists’ Association
Pajcov Holdings Inc.
Parkinson Society Canada (Peterborough Chapter)
Peel Pharmacist’s Association
Pegi Lee Gross & Associates Inc.
Philco Consulting Inc.
Plan B Office
Priceville Holdings Inc.
Priva Computers Inc.
PWU Training Inc.
Regional Analytics Inc.
Rotary Club of Mississauga
Rotary Club of Mississauga – Airport
Rotary Club of Mississauga City Centre
RSM Richter
Sack Goldblatt Mitchell
Sackville Recordings
Sage Investments Limited
Scaramouche Restaurant
Geoffrey B. Scott Memorial Fund at the Toronto Community Foundation
Sharp Electronics of Canada Ltd.
Shaw Pipe Protection Limited
The Gerald Sheff Charitable Foundation
Sobeys Pharmacy
Society of Urologic Surgeons of Ontario
St. James’ Cathedral
Standard Securities Capital Corporation
Stantec Architecture Ltd.
TD’s Caring and Sharing Hope Fund
Techint Goodfellow
Technologies Inc.
Teplitsky, Colson
Tokmakjian Limited
Tom’s Place
Torkin Manes Cohen & Arbus
Toronto and Area Road Builders Association
Toronto Professional Fire Fighter’s Association
Toronto Society of Architects
Toronto South Presbyterial United Church Women
Toronto Star Fresh Air Fund
Tridel Enterprises Inc.
Trojan Interior Contracting 2002 Ltd.
University of Toronto Italian Canadian Association
UnumProvident Canada
UTBAA – University of Toronto Black Alumni Association
Vanbots Construction Corporation
Van-Rob Stampings Inc.
Voorheis & Co. LLP
WB Family Foundation
Western Ontario Druggist Golf Association
Western Surety Company
The Wiegand Memorial Foundation Inc.
Wireless Interactive Medicine Inc.
Women’s Art Association of Canada
Xerox Research Centre of Canada
The Youssef-Warren Foundation
90 Anonymous Donors

Gifts-in-Kind
This list recognizes donors who have exclusively made gifts in kind of $5,000 or more to the University of Toronto between January 1, 2004 and April 30, 2007.

Marjorie Abrams
John C.Allemang
Elizabeth Anne and Hugh Anson-Cartwright
E. Kay Armatage
Barbara Astman
David and Jane Gray Atkins
Helen G. Balfour
Edward J. Barbeau
Timothy D. Barnes
Dennis and Alice Bartels
Catherine Young Bates
Crystal Lee Beach
John Beckwith
Jonathan B. Bengtson
Gerald E. Bentley Jr. and Elizabeth B. Bentley
Susan Berta
Henry B. M. Best
Edward T. Bird
Christine F. Bissell
G. Bisztray
J.W. Michael and Elizabeth J. Bliss
Ronald L. Bloore
Harald and Jean Bohne
Frances and Jeffrey Botnick
Paul Bouissac
Robert C. Brandeis
Christopher Brown
Thomas F. S. Brown
Lucie Bryan
Pier K. Bryden
Walter and Danuta Buczynski
Leah Burke
Mary Burns
Barry Joseph Morley Callaghan
James B. Campbell
Robert Campbell
Robert Cappell
Douglas Chambers
Marshall L. Chasin and Joanne Deluzio
Chun Wei Choo
Rudi Christl
Eileen Davidson Clairmonte
Leonard Cohen
Jody Colero
Kathy Collier
Muriel B. Conacher
John W. Corson
Evelyn and C. Graham Cotter
Vernon D. Crawford
Donald B. Cross
Paul D. Cross
Robert B. Cross
Frances Dafoe
Robert G. and Mary Dale
Cathy Daley
Horst Dantz
Ken Dent
Kathleen Devecseri
Adele Dibben
Dan Donovan
Florence Drake
Albert Dukacz
James and Elizabeth Eayrs
Scott M. Eddie
Konrad Eisenbichler
Bernard Etkin
John Ezyk
Harry Fauquier
Rudy W. Fearon
George Fetherling
Joy Fielding Seyffert
Elizabeth Fincham
John A. Foreman
J. Barry French
Dulce Fry
Robert Fulford
Melvyn Alan Fuss
Arnold Gelbart / Galafilm Inc.
Michael Gervers
Stephen G. Gilbert
Mary Gilliam
David M. Gilmour
Kazimierz Glaz
Anne Marie-Christine Godlewska
Karol J. M. Godlewski
Marie-Christine Godlewski
Mark J. C. Godlewski
Paul Godlewski
Shelagh Goldschmidt
Sybil Goldstein
Lorna Goodison and Ted Chamberlin
James W. Goodwin
Greg Gormick
Calvin C. Gotlieb
John Gould
Ruth E. Gregory
Rachile Lialia Griffith
Richard W. Griffiths
Brian Groombridge
Phyllis Grosskurth
Helen Bircher Guillet
James E. Guillet
Joseph Gulsoy
Ronald Hambleton
Jean Handscombe
Martha Hardy
David Hare
Jean-Charles Hare
John E. Hare
Paul A. Hare
Maureen I. F. Harris
T. Richard Harshaw
John E. F. Hastings
Conrad E. Heidenreich
Mary Heimlich
Garrett Herman
Peter Heyworth
W. Speed Hill
Michael Hirsh
David Hlynsky
Deborah Hobson
Cynthia Hoekstra
Margaret Bloy Graham
Ernest Howard
Marshall J. L. Hryciuk
Mihali Hulev
Colleen Hutton
Eric Hutton
Gary Hutton
Jim Hutton
Barbara Ann and Lawrence Hynes
John M. Irwin
Robin and Heather Jackson
R. Scott James
Steven S. Janes
William Johnston
William Kaplan
Brian M. Katchan
Shelagh Keeley
William and Hiroko Keith
Monique Kelly
Talivaldis Kenins
Penny Kerpneck
Elizabeth Kilbourn-Mackie
and Richard Mackie
John Kissick
Susan and Morris Klayman
David Klein
Eric V. Klein
George J. Kleiser
Miro C. Klement
John Kloppenborg
Helen H. Knights
Murray and Marvelle Koffler
George Korey-Krzeczowski
Eva Kushner
Lila M. Laakso
Richard Landon and Marie Korey
Simon Langlois
Robert Lantos, Serendipity Point Films
Heather Lawson
Virginia Lawson
Lee L’Clerc
W. H. Le Riche
Michael Levine and John Gilford Moore
Michelle Lewin
Peter K. Lewin
R. Douglas Lloyd
Kurt Loeb
Stuart W. Logan
Sara S.MacLean
Kyo Maclear
Michael Maclear
Paul Robert Magocsi
Ann Malcolmson
Alberto Manguel
Earl Harold Mann
Rosemary Marchant
Robert and Renwick Matthews
Oonah McFee
John McGreevy
Donald McLeod
John T. McLeod
N. Bruce McLeod
Brian D. McLoughlin
Harold Medjuck
Maria Meindl
Farley Mernick
Ron Mernick
John and Myrna Metcalf
Michael and Jane Millgate
John Gilford Moore
Albert Moritz
Karen A. Mulhallen
John H.A. Munro
Desmond Neill
Peter W. Nesselroth
Shirley C. Neuman
Peter M. Newman and Susan Keene
Solomon A. Nigosian
James Nix
Mark and Edith Nusbaum (Nusbaum Family Charitable Foundation)
Cynthia M.O’Beirne
Pierre Karch and Mariel
O’Neill-Karch
Eric Ormsby
David M. Oxtoby
Susan E. Oxtoby
Brock Park
R. Brian Parker
Stephen Geoffrey Pearce
Luana Maria Peters
Ronald G. Peters
Victor Peters
Michael Pflug
Jennifer Phillips
Margaret W. Phillips
Marilyn Piccini Roy
Judith Pocock
John C. Polanyi
Dalia and Ginutis Procuta
Anatol Rapoport
Samuel A. Rea
John H. Reibetanz
Janet Richard
Stephen Riggins
Erika E. Ritter
Jan Rubes
Peter H. Russell
Anne Ryckman
F. Michah Rynor
John and Carol Sabean
A. Edward Safarian
Antony Scherman
Miriam Schneid-Ofseyer
Thomas T. Schweitzer
Johanna Sedlmayer-Katz
François Séguin
Fred H.W. and Roswitha Seliger
David P. Silcox and Linda Intaschi
Judy A. Silver
Patricia Simpson
Paul Skowronski
Josef V. Skvorecky
John G. Slater
Beverley Slopen
David W. Smith
Faye Smith Rosenblatt
Peter H. Solomon
David Solway
Rosemary E. J. Speirs
Alex and Kim Squires
John Stanley
Ralph Gordon Stanton
T.A. G. Staunton
Guy St-Denis
John Steinsky
Mavis Stonefield
Kazimierz Stys
Rosemary Sullivan
Larry A. Swartz
Richard Teleky
Arlette and Frank Thomas
Susan Coxeter Thomas
Craig Thorburn and Cynthia
Caron Thorburn
James E.Till
Margo Timmins
Michael Timmins
Peter Timmins
Myrtle Todd
Rhea Tregebov
Joyce Trimmer
Tamara Trojanowska
Philip M.Trott
Millicent Tuck
Mihkel Turk
Christopher Varley
F. Michael Walsh
John B.Warrener
F. Bartlett Watt
Tim Whiten
Fred Wilson
Paul R.Wilson
Thomas A.Wilson
Yvonne Wilson
David Young
Vladek Zogala
Alert Music Inc.
Ballan Carpentry and Millwork Limited
Barna-Alper Productions Inc.
Blue Rodeo
Bookham Technologies
Brand Voice Inc.
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
Celestica
Deluxe Toronto Ltd.
Dun & Bradstreet Canada Limited
Eaton | Powerware
Frontline Solutions Ltd.
Insight Production Company Ltd.
Johnson Controls
KCI Medical Canada Inc.
Lindberg Homburger Modent
Locust International Inc.
Magna Advanced Technologies
Micro-g LaCoste, Inc.
Now Communications Inc.
Redwood Classics Apparel
S. & S. Productions Inc.
Sakura Project/Sakura Committee
Selections Woodworking Design Inc.
Sports Rehabilitation Institute
Sunsplash Design Plus
Wilson Sports Equipment Canada Inc.
29 Anonymous Donors

Corporate Matching Gifts
We would like to acknowledge the generosity of corporations who match charitable contributions made
by their employees, directors, retirees and their spouses to the University of Toronto between May 1, 2006, and April 30, 2007.To find out if your company is a matching gift partner, please call (416) 978-3810 or visit our website at www.giving.utoronto.ca/annual/matchgift.asp.

Accenture Inc.
ADP Dataphile
AIM Trimark Investments
Albany International Corporation
Alcan
Allstate Insurance Company of Canada
AstraZeneca Canada Inc.
Bank of America
Bell Canada
Bell Canada – Employee Giving Program
BlackRock
BMO Financial Group
BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc.
Boeing Company
Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited
Cargill
Celestica
Chubb Insurance Company of Canada
CSX Corporation
Dell Canada Corporation
Deutsche Bank
The Dorsey & Whitney Foundation
Dow Chemical Canada Inc.
EnCana Cares Foundation
Ernst & Young
Falconbridge Limited – Kidd Metallurgical Division
Ford Motor Company
GAP Foundation Gift Match Program
GE Canada
Green Shield Canada Foundation
H. J. Heinz Company of Canada Ltd.
Hydro One
IBM Canada Limited
Inco Limited
Ivanhoe Cambridge Inc.
Janssen-Ortho Inc.
Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation
Kodak Canada Inc.
KPMG Foundation
Kraft Canada Inc.
Manulife Financial
Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc. Foundation
Microsoft Corporation
Marsh & McLennan Companies
Pearson Education Canada Inc.
The PepsiCo Foundation
Petro-Canada
PPG Canada Inc.
Pratt & Whitney Canada
Procter & Gamble Inc.
Rothmans Bensons &
Hedges Incorporated
Sprint Foundation
State Farm Companies Foundation
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP
Suncor Energy Foundation
SYSCO Corporation
Talisman Energy Incorporated
TransCanada PipeLines Limited
TSX Group
Wells Fargo Foundation
Employee Matching Gift Program
Western Asset Management Company Charitable Foundation
Xerox Canada Ltd.
Xerox Corporation
Lasting Legacies
This list recognizes those gifts received by Uof T through realized bequests, trusts or insurance between
January 1, 2004, and April 30, 2007.
Frank B.Adamstone
Donald Sutherland Allan
Margaret May Allemang
Thomas Alley
Jeanne F. E.Armour
Kevin W.Armstrong
Juliet May Askew
Mary E.Atkinson
Mary Barnett
M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet
William John Bennett
Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
Benjamin Herbert Birstein
Erika Dorothea Lina Boldt
Margaret Bond
William Brown Boyd
Elizabeth M. Boyle
Joyce B. Boylen
Donald J.A. Bremner
Margaret I. Brubacher
Robert Bruce
C. L. Burton Trusts
Alice M. Buscombe
Robert William Bygrave
Nora Cecilia Cairnes
Margaret Carleton
Helen M. Carpenter
John Angus Carther
Samuel Castrilli
Florence Grace Chadburn
Athol Lillian Beatty Cherry
Edith L. Clare
Norah P. Clark
Hilda Clayton
Donald E. Clune
J. E. Geraldine Conger
Kenneth B. Conn
K. Jane Conway
Kathleen A. Cooke
William James Copeman
Edith H. Cosens
J. Douglas Crashley
Catherine E. Cratchley
William Douglas Crone
William A. Devereaux
Elsie F. Dickhout
Frederick and Douglas Dickson Memorial Foundation
Margaret M. Donnell
Thelma C. Dowding
Orville L. Drummond
Peter C. Durham
Sydney Dymond
Mary Margaret Edison
Marie Evelyn Edwards
Germaine Francoise Efrain
Eugene R. Fairweather
Dorothy Grace Fatt
Frances Eden Ferguson
John Charles Fields
Abraham Fink and Freda Fink Charitable Annuity Trust
Marilyn V. Forbes
Thomas F. Foster
Frederick Hume Foxton
Virginia M. Frank
Janet Agnes Fraser
M. Constance Fraser
Margaret S. Gairns
Mary Kathleen Geddes
Alan Osler Gibbons
Margaret Giffen
Jean Glasgow
Beatrice C. Glasier
Jessie Mackenzie Glynn
Olive L. Gordon
Betty C. Graham
John Osborne Graham
John W. Grant
Murray Greenbloom
Mary E. Hamilton
Frederick J. Hamlin
Marion Hanna
Eric Ethelbert Hardy
Helen D. Harrison
Sheryl Jane Hayman
Kenneth Frederick Heddon
Walter John Helm
Gordon W. Hilborn
Lucie H. Hoerschinger
Ruth Anna Holmboe
Elizabeth Barclay Hope
Agnes Eleanor Howard
Patricia A. Humphreys-Vance
Henry Stanley Hunnisett
Barbara Vancott MacBeth Hurst
Bernard E. Hynes
Nancy Innis
Eileen B. Jackson
Charles L. Janis
Edward S. Jarvis
John Dalziel Johnson
Florence (Barber) Jowsey
Karolina A. Jus
Oriana Kalant
Miet and Wanda Kamienski
Joan Ewart Keagey
Kathleen M. Keeler
Edward J. Kelman
David I. Ker
Kenneth Raffles Kilburn
Paul and Sarah Kirzner
Charles Leo Labine
Michael Lawee
Anne Lawson
Stuart C. Legge
Donald W. Leonard
John F. Leonard
Reuben Wells Leonard
Margaret Jean Leppington
Lillian Leranbaum
Sophie Lewar Trust
Stephan Lewar Trust
John Bruce Henderson Little
Anna B. Loftus
Stanley Peter Loos
Renee Lyons
Alexander E. MacDonald
Thelma Ariel MacDonald
Eileen and Nicholas MacLeod
Pauline Mandlsohn
Alice Mary Matheson
Elizabeth L. Mathews
Ivy M. Maynier
J. Edgar McAllister
John Robertson McArthur
Rhoda Royce McArthur
In Memory of Marian
Eleanor McBryde from William A. E. McBryde
James Samuel McCleary
Muriel G. McCuaig
Helen Jean McCutcheon
Donald F. McDonald
W.J. Kent McDonald
Pauline M. McGibbon
Lorne Douglas McGolrick
John Spence McIntosh
Sarah McLean
Sarah Grace Mead
John Meagher
Theophile James Meek
Clifford Megginson
David Meltzer
Isabel Mendizabal
William C. Michell
Peter H. Miller
A. B. B. Moore
Hugh and Phyllis (Foreman) Moorhouse
John F. Morgan-Jones
Margaret I. Morris
Robina D. (Taylor) Morrison
James L. Morrow
Mary Mounfield
William K. Mounfield
Anne A. Muise
Violet B. Munns
Mary Edythe Neeb
Vivien Nicklin
Fabian Aloysius O’Dea
Edward H. O’Keefe
Michael J. Oliver
Harvey Olnick
Tony Mark Omilanow
Ernst M. Oppenheimer
Pearl Gudrun Palmason
Edmund T. Parkin
Janet Parr
H. G. Campbell Parsons
Florence G. Partridge
Olive Madeline Patterson
Audrey L. Peach
Beverley Ann Phillips
Elmer S. Phillips
Jean E. Pierce
Marion L. Pilkey
Aileen M. Piper
Mary Elizabeth Pitt
Dora Burke Playfair
Francis Clement Powell
Sidney A. Pulley
Manuel E. Pusitz
Doris Elizabeth Quiney
Louise Wilhelmina Rae
William F. L. Rathman
James H. Rattray Memorial Trust
Amy Beatrice Reed
Pauline Anne Reinboth
James A. Rendall
Olive-Jane Reynolds
Christine E. Rice
Harold V. Rice
Dorothy G. Riddell
Norma Ruth Ridley
Clifton Graham Roberts
Nellie Evelene Roszel
Jerome S. Rotenberg
Katherine Riddell Rouillard
Dorothy Rutherford
Linda Darlene Sagar
Peter and Margot Sandor
Fanny Saunders
Rose Lynne Scott
Dee and Hank Selick
Colin R. Sellar
H.Theresa Sim
Robert Simkins
Mary Verna Simmonds
W. Lennox Smart
Carlton G. Smith
Gladys Sparks
Merrill C. Stafford
Margaret E. Stedman
Catherine I. Steele
Gray M. Steele
Mary Stephens
J. I. (Hud) Stewart Stratton Trust
Kathleen Sally Syme
Gertrude Tackaberry
Victor Talalay
Howard Alan Tate
Georgia Muriel Taylor
J. Marie Taylor
Arthur L.Thomson
Harold G.Threapleton
Linda Lauren Timbs
Clarence Trelford
Doris Carol Trott
Charles W.Trunk Jr.
Marjorie L.Van Veen
Ruth Estella Vanderlip
Janet Elizabeth Waite
William James Walker
Kathleen Walls
Flora M.Ward
Dorothy Ward
Stanley H.Ward and Shirley A.Ward Revocable Trust
Isabel C.Warne
Douglas G.Watson
Betty Irene West
Anne Louise White and Walter Edmund White
Minnie White
Lois H.Wightman
Florence Wilkinson
B. M.Williams
Dorothy Evelyn Willmot
Beatrice A.Wilson
Agnes E.Wood
Edward Rogers Wood
Shirley Ann Yasuzawa
54 Anonymous Donors

King’s College Circle Heritage Society
The King’s College Circle Heritage Society recognizes and honours those alumni and friends who have thoughtfully made a provision for the university through a future bequest, life insurance or trust gift between
January 1, 2004, and April 30, 2007.

Lillias Cringan Allward
Kristine Anderson
Ronald Andrukitis
Allen Angus and Violet Rodgers
Ivor A.Arnold
T. Christie Arnold
Joseph Attard
Douglas Auld
Everett Corson Barclay
Dennis and Alice Bartels
Grace V. Becker
Bernice Bell
Peter Beynon
Dorothy I. M. Black
Ronald and Laurie Blainey
Harald and Jean Bohne
William R. Bowen and Sandra J. Gavinchuk
T. Rodney H. Box
Patrick and Marilyn Brown
David Brownfield
Nadine A. Buchko
Frank C. Buckley
Bonnie Burstow
Eleanor J. Burton
Donald Burwash
Yvonne M. Calver
William A. Campbell
Dan Camposano
Robert Candido
K. C. Carruthers
Glenn H. Carter
George Cass
Ben Chan
Alayne and Kenneth Christie
Brian Clough
Patricia A. Coleman
Ron Crawford
Mary C. Crichton
Doreen G. Cullen
Dana Cushing
Margaret Jeannetta Davis
Edward and Dorothy Dawson
Jan and Jane de Koning
Dorothy M. Deane
William Andrew Dimma
Michael Faraday Dixon
Ingrid and Karl-Ulrich (Uli) Dobler
Maria L. Dyck
Freda M. Eickmeyer
Jacqueline and Douglas Eisner
Margaret E. Emmerson
Robert F. J. Feeney
William O. Fennell and Jean Fennell
Michael J. Ferguson
Gary Vincent Fitzgibbon
John F. Flinn
Donald H. Francis
Hugh R. Fraser
Diane and Stan Gasner
V. K. Gilbert
Bill Goulios
Fred K. Graham
Doug Green
Helen Gurney
Patricia Hannah
Terry Harris
Rosemary Hall Hazelton
J. Barrett Healy
Kim and Alex Heath
Freia (Nee Kaiser) and John A. Heber
Barbara J. Heggie
Grace Heggie
Sandra J. Heggie
Ruth Ellen Henstridge
Fay Hethrington Scholarship
Anna Alfreda Hillen
Peter and Verity Hobbs
Dorothy (Flannery) Horwood
James D. Hosinec
Robert and Velma Howie
Audrey Hozack
George Conland Hunt
Marnie Hunt
John Ibbitson
Ross Barrett Irwin
Robert D. and Catherine I. Jeffs
Archibald and Helen Jones
Sidney M. and Elaine Kadish
Leon Katz and Johanna Sedlmayer-Katz
David Keenleyside
Paul Keery
William and Hiroko Keith
Arthur P. Kennedy
Seitali (Babe) and Mary Kerim
Jodi and Michael Kimm
Barbara E. Kirkland
Rose Kirsh
Angela L. Klauss and Colin Doyle
Peter Klavora
Albert Krakauer
Stephen Kurtz and Shiela
Weisinger Kurtz
Robert and Carolyn Lake
Maryam Latifpoor and Vladas Keparoutis
Grace Lau
Burton MacDonald and
Rosemarie Sampson
Sharon and Don MacMillan
Michael and Joan Maloney
Mary H. Martin
Dipak and Pauline Mazumdar
Sybil Anne McEnteer
Judith McErvel
Joseph Patrick McGee
Nancy H. McKee Condliffe
Donald W. McLeod
Dorothy McRobb
Gilbert Meyer
William G. and Diane C. Miller
Ruth Morawetz
Angela and William Moreau
Chastity Cheryl Pangilinan Nazareth
Paul C. S. C. Nazareth
Mary Catherine O’Brien
Edmond George Odette
Jean O’ Grady
Michelle and Richard Osborne
K.Ann Patterson
Paul F. Phelan
Edward and Frances Jean Phoenix
Nora Post
Raymond S. G. Pryke
R. C. Quittenton
Marjorie Lavers Reynolds
Lesley Riedstra and Rian Mitra
Paul E. Riley
William J. Roberts
John D. Robinson
Peter A. Rogers
Paul Russell
Mary E. Sarjeant
Mary M. Schaefer
Norma Dianne Schilke
Caroline Seidl Farrell- Burman
Caroline Shawyer
Diane Lynn Silverman
Marjorie E. Simonds
Angela L. Smith
Ron Smyth
Marion Elizabeth Snyder
Hubert C. Soltan
Mickey and Annette Convey Spillane
Janet Stubbs
Colin J. Swift
David Szollosy and Lauretta Amundsen
Shirley Catherine Teolis
Catherine F.Thompson
Victoria E. M.Thompson
J. Lynn Tomkins
Barbara K.Track
Carolanne G.Vair
Jean Vale
Theodore van der Veen
Lillian Veri
Victor and Sheila Vierin
Scott Brynn Vloet
Paul and Valerie Walsh
John P.Ward
Arthur and Ruby Waters
Elizabeth A.Wells
Paula Carey and Nicholas Wemyss
Dorothy Joblin Westney
Gerald Whyte
Marni & Roland Wieshofer
Mary B.Willet
Nancy J.Williamson
Lee Wilson
Marjorie A.Wilson
George and Isobel Winnett
Frank W.Woods
Dianne L.Wydeven
Adam Zimmerman
Wendy Zufelt-Baxter
93 Anonymous Donors

In Honour
The University of Toronto recognizes individuals who have had gifts made in their honour between May 1,
2006, and April 30, 2007.

Rosalie Abella
Rona S.Abramovitch
Bluma Appel
Jerald Bain
Gerald I. Baker
Aharon Barak
Martin Barkin
W. Beattie
J. Stewart Bell
Robert M. Bennett
William C. Berman
J. Michael Bliss
Harvey Botting
Helen Bozinovski
Rudolph P. Bratty
Michelle Broersma
Roel C. Buck
Horace Campbell
Debbie Chachra
Bebe Ciglen
David Clandfield
Marian Cobban
Frank Collins
Kryzstof Conrad
David Cowan
Larry Davies
Lyne C. Dellandrea
Daniel L. Donovan
Richard B. Donovan
Charles Dyer
Marjorie L. Ewing
James M. Farley
Harry Farrar
Irwin Fefergrad
Robert M. Filler
Jerome Fisher
Evelyn M. L. FitzGerald
E. Patricia Fleming
Edith Gardiner
Glenn Gardiner
Launnie Garetson
Elizabeth A. Gerrie
Barnett I. Giblon
J. Ian Giffen
Wayne L. Gold
Al Goldband
Jane Goldband
Shelagh Goldschmidt
Kayla Goren
Surche Gradzanowski
D. Gupta
Gerald Halbert
Margaret A. Hancock
Paul Hazlett
Antonette D. P. Healey
Robin Healey
Harry Helfand
Phyllis Helfand
Jo Ann Hoffman
Joan M. Holland
Amilcare A. Iannucci
Khursheed N. Jeejeebhoy
Rachna Juneja
Carol Kaplan
Molly Kates
Wilbert J. Keon
Andrea Kleinhandler
Marvelle Koffler
Murray B. Koffler
Judy Kopelow
Anne Koven
Jack Koven
Philip Koven
Jim Yuan Lai
Bernard Langer
Ryna D. Langer
Jennie Lau
John B. Lawson
Gerry Leishman
Nicky L. Leung
Judith E. Levene
J.Alexander Lowden
Trudy A. Lusink
Byron A. MacDonald
Robert J. F. Madden
J. Francis Mallon
Ruth E. Manders
Medicine Class of 2006
Murray Menkes
Dwayne Miller
Elizabeth A. Morley
Mary Morrison
Ailsa Moulsdale
Eyal Navch
Ellen Newman
David C. Nimmo
Linda O’Brien Pallas
Michael Oerbach
Roy Oglesby
Bertha E. Oliver
Mariel O’Neill-Karch
Joseph Pernice
Samuel Stein Pernice
David R. Peterson
Vivienne Poy
Kingsley Stein Quao
Estarita Rajsky
Joan R. F. Randall
Henia Reinhartz
Joseph E. Rogers
Roseann Runte
Beverley N. Salmon
Lionel H. Schipper
Ernest Schnell
Rena Schwartz
R. Bruce Scott
Sheila K. Shaw
Dana Sherrard
Kwong-loi Shun
Mathew Silcoss
Julie C. Silver
Peter Singer
Doris Sommer-Rotenberg
Joseph D. M. Sorbara
Eric G. Stanley
Eleanor Beecroft Stewart
Barbara M. Stitt
Hubert J. Stitt
Judy Sturm
Paul E. Szarmach
Stephen Tanny
Gilda S.Tanz
Mark M.Tanz
Martin Teplitsky
Lilian Thompson
Michael Ukas
Marilyn A.Van Norman
Robert C.Vipond
B. Elizabeth Vosburgh
Barry Walfish
William Waters
Fay Weisberg
Catharine Isobel Whiteside
A. Murray Wiley
Pamela Wiley
Morden Yolles
Saul Zuker

In Memory
The University of Toronto recognizes individuals who have had gifts made in their memory between May 1,
2006, and April 30, 2007.
Charles Acker
Isabel Aklin
Elisabeth Alfoldi
Stephanie Lianne Ali
David Angell
Rose Burgess Anthony
Beverley Antle
Israel Appel
Graham John Astles
Marija Aukstaite
Ethel W.Auster
Frank S. Ballinger
Hyman Baltzan
Remo E. Bandiera
Peter Baron
Robert Michael
Barrington-Leigh
Diran Basmadjian
Edward Samuel Beatty
Robert Beninati
William Russell Bennett
Berry Berenson
Alfie Berger
Michael K. Berkowitz
John F. Bidewell
Raymond C. Binkley
Paul P. Biringer
Claude Thomas Bissell
Sydney H. Blackman
Ken C. Blakely
Allan Bloom
David Wilson Blyth
Pat Blyth
Daniel P. Bohnen
H. Patricia Bolger
Ruth Borchiver
Peter Bosa
John Bradley
Anthony August Brait
Sam Britt
Carmen Brock
Peter Brock
Faye M. Hockaday Brooks
Norman Brown
George S. Buck
Frank Bussey
Mary Isabel Dobson Butler
Sharon Butler
Leon C. Bynoe
Lee Calderwood
Charles Callender
Angus Cameron
John Campbell
Alan W. Carrie
Victoria E. Carson
Judith Casaroli
William Chewchuk
Soo Jin Chong
Hetty C. H. Chu
Donald R. Clark
E. Ritchie Clark
Eileen Clark
Roy P. Clarke
Jock Cleghorn
Gianrenzo P. Clivio
David Coffen
Stan Cohen
Adam Douglas Leslie Do-Mun Colbourne
Rowland L. Collins
William E. Colter
Joe A. Connolly
Mary L. Coombs
Rosemary K. Coombs
Annabelle Cooper
Virginia Cooper
Ruth Cooperstock
Glenwood Potter Corlett
Robert Craddock
George B. Craig
Ferenc Csillag
Netty Daniels
Peter Darbyshire
Michael F. Dixon
Sac Thi Doan
Richard John Downey
Salvador Piokquinto Drapiza
Jeffrey Drdul
John D. Drigo
Orville L. Drummond
J. Bruce Dunlop
Jack Durfey
Beverley Echlin Stapells
Patricia Edds
Marie Evelyn Edwards
Karin Eensild
Bill Evans
Aron Fainer
Bubby Fay
Lorand Fenyves
Gertrude Finkle
Marie J. Fischette
Janet E. FitzGerald
Barbara Flynn
Glenn Ford
Lynd W. Forguson
Donald F. Forster
Neil W. Foster
Lloyd Francis
Estelle Frankel
Irving Frankle
Mildred Franklin
Thomas Fried
Lewis Friedlich
Andrew Khamis Frow
Leo C. Fung
Gina L. Gesser
George G. M. Giblin
Paul P. Ginou
Rose Gladstone
Robert Graydon Weir Goodall
Mark Goodman
Millie Goodman
Wolfe D. Goodman
David Gordon
Carol Gottesman
Walter Harvey Russell Gould
John W. Grant
Joseph H. Greenspan
Suzanne Greenspan
Patricia Gregorovich
John N. Haddad
Rosemarie Hager
Li Yau Kam Hah
James Conrad Hall
Fran Halpern
Jane Elizabeth Ham
Margaret I. Hambly
Shannon L. Hamm
Matthew William Fraser Hanson
Phyllis Hantho
Vivy Hariton
Milton E. Harris
Dona Marie Harvey
Noor Hassanali
William A. Heaslip
Mary G. Heintzman
Dora Heller
Richard J. Helmeste
E. Elaine Henry
Elaine Henry
Peter L. Heyworth
Irwin M. Hilliard
Anne Holden
Jeannette Horwitz
Albert Warren Howard
Nicholas Howe
Gordon F. Hughes
Victor Yick Ho Hum
Bob Hunter
Bernard Huppe
Amilcare A. Iannucci
V. Diane Inglis
Herbert Lourier Irwin
Marie Ishoj
Mary Itzkovitch
Ethel Jackson
Clarence Jenkins
Arthur B. Johns
Mary Carol Johnson
Andre Jonas
Audrey I. Jones
Franciscus Junius
Oriana Kalant
Wendy M. Kates
Phyllis M. Kayler
Georgia Kelman
Andrew Kennedy
Elspeth M. Kennedy
Karen A. Kieser
Robert J. Koabel
Eichi Kondo
Dietmar Koslowski
June Kovar
Eric David Baker Krause
Keith Kress
Kerey Krzeczowski
Charles Kulak
Alan Kulan
Barbara A. Kwant
F. Mary Langan
Miu B. Lau
Hildegarde Le Gresley
Wolf-Dietrich Leers
Francis Jsoeph Legenza
Bruce J. Legge
Garth W. Legge
Donald Leigh
Gabriel Leung
G.V. Levan
John R. Levitt
John F. Leyerle
Yumin Li
Myrna S. Librach
William Line
Ann Linton
Neville Little
Audrey Louden
Donald H. H. MacKenzie
Donald A. MacRae
Earl F. Mahoney
Hermine Mallinger
Francesco Mancuso
Ed Marra
Gilchrist J. Martin
Judith Anne Mason
J. Catherine Masson
Gwendolyn McCorkindale
Clement McCulloch
John McManus
Alberto Mendelzon
Paula Menendez
Lillian Messinger
Catherine Murdina
Mackenzie M. Mills
Max Mishna
Ronald W. Missen
James F. Moffat
William J. Mollard
James Moore
C. Eleanor Moorhouse-Genovese
Nina H. Morley
John Earl Moser
Ray Mulrooney
Peter A. Naglik
Gurdev Kaur Neelam
Donald G. Neelands
Rebecca Newman
Helen Norman
Ruth J. Norton
Freda Noyek
Edward W. Nuffield
Greg O’Brien
James R. O’Brien
Walter A. O’Grady
Tom Olenick
Dennis O’Shea
Ellis M. Ostovich
Bernard Ostry
Irving Paisley
Elizabeth Parkinson
Colin Paterson
Peter T. Patterson
Josephine Peckham
Howard Pentland
Jacqueline Helen Perry
Jonathan Francis Pickles
Kathryn J. Poole
Catherine Quesnel
Colin Ramplee-Smith
Diana Rankin
Edward Bevan Ratcliffe
Jerry Reingold
Katherine McGarvie Remus
Marie-Michele Renaud-Desrochers
Olive-Jane Reynolds
Dorothy E. Richards
John Richmond
Patricia Rideout
Friedrich P. J. Rimrott
Eugene D. Rittich
Lloyd G. Robertson
Mara Rhona Roebuck
Albert Rose
Norman Ross
Arthur Sommer Rotenberg
Katherine Riddell Rouillard
E. Rush
John D. Salmon
Derek Sawyer
Ernest Schnell
T. Stewart Scott
Anna H. Seidlitz
John Seltzer
Alexandra Semeniuk
Paul H. Serson
Giuseppe Settino
Kenneth C. Sevcik
Irene Shapiro
Leslie Earl Shaw
Susan W. Sheaffer
Sara Shefsky
Jean A. Shek
Oswald George Shepherd
Joseph Silver
John R. Simpson
Margaret Skerath
John A. D. Slemin
Muriel J. Sloan
Allan G. Smith
Paul Edward Snyder
William Garfield Spencer
Philip T. Stanbury
Henry Stanfield
Bryan Wayne Statt
Gray M. Steele
Samuel Stein
James T. Sterling
Ronald Sternberg
Trevor Storey
John M. Stransman
Nathan Strauss
Maurice Stren
Muriel Sversky
C. Swartz
John H. Sword
Ting Sum Tang
John Tanner
Aron Avraham Tanny
Anne Tartick
Colleen Tate
Ronald Ryan Taylor
Louis H.Tepper
Edward H.Thring
Alex Tobias
James D.Todd
Mary Prudence Tracy
Edward W. H.Tremain
Betty Umansky
Kiran van Rijn
W. R.Van Riper
Hubert Van Tol
Lester Varden
G. Stephen Vickers
Hildegarde M.Vierkoetter
Vince Volpe
Seymour H.Vosko
Lorne Wagner
Joseph E.Walsh
Dorothy Anne C.Walter
Walter Walter
Beverly Wedemire
Frederick Weinberg
Rosalind Weinberger
Steve A.V.Weller
Iona Wellman
Sharon Wells
Donald F.Whitewood
Claire Willcox
Robert C.Williamson
John Willis
Percy Wilner
J.Tuzo Wilson
M. Jean Wilson
Robert Woof
Patrick Wormald
John A.Wright
Vincent Wroblewski
Vasilios Xipolias
Alfred Yeaman
Betty Yeoman
Johnny Kar Lok Yip
Katherine Zeldin
Donna Zielinski
Sheldon P. Zitner

President’s Circle
Presidents’ Circle members have provided vital resources to educate deserving students, attract and retain great faculty, and build innovative faculties and programs through their annual leadership giving.Thank you to all of our Presidents’ Circle members for their foresight, leadership and generosity.To view monthly listings of new and renewed Presidents’ Circle members, please visit our website at www.giving.utoronto.ca/prescircle. For more information about the Presidents’ Circle program, please contact (416) 978-3810.

That’s how Dr. Peter St. George-Hyslop, the director of Uof T’s Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CRND), characterizes his work in Alzheimer’s disease over the past 15 years. “You get an interesting result, you follow it up and you do a bit more work,” he says. It’s only when you start to add up all those “interesting results” from years of painstaking lab work and detailed analysis that you can see just how far you’ve come. This fall, I spoke with St. George-Hyslop and other CRND researchers about their groundbreaking study of Alzheimer’s (see “Untangling Alzheimer’s”), a debilitating brain illness that destroys a patient’s memory and all higher thought processes. Although a cure is likely still many years away, CRND’s discoveries have yielded some intriguing possibilities for new ways to treat the disease.

Medical research tends to grab the headlines, but these are exciting times in physics, too. In May, a team of international physicists will switch on the world’s largest particle accelerator, built deep underground near Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists hope that experiments planned for the $8-billion facility will yield answers to some of the most puzzling questions about the nature of the universe. Last summer, writer Dan Falk visited the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) while it was still under construction, and spoke with some of the University of Toronto scientists involved with the project (see “God’s Laboratory”). He found their excitement contagious. Many of them, such as physics professor Richard Teuscher, consider their LHC work a high point of their careers, and hope the experimental results will resolve longstanding debates in the physics community over the fundamental forces and particles in the universe.

Uof T law grad David Shore is neither a doctor nor a scientist, but he has created a compelling television character who is – Dr. Gregory House, a maverick medical genius who heads a team of young diagnosticians at an American hospital. Shore conceived of the show as a hospital whodunit, with House, his medical detective, taking inspiration from Sherlock Holmes. As managing editor Stacey Gibson writes in her profile of Shore (see “The House That Dave Built”), the lawyer-turned-writer shares more than a few characteristics with his fictional creation. Both are highly irreverent, rebellious by nature, very successful and like to push the envelope – although there’s one important difference, says Shore: “House is smarter than I am.”

We’d like you to push your own creative envelope by entering The Great University of Toronto Photo Contest. Take a colour shot of something (or someone) related to Uof T, read the contest rules and send in your entry. We have some great prizes to give away, and winners will be published in the Summer 2008 issue. The deadline for entries is March 1, 2008, so get snapping!

It’s also a trap. Our long-standing pattern of skimming the best undergraduates from the Toronto region has paid handsome dividends with a dynamic and talented student body. But in some respects, it has restricted our reach and our diversity. Last year, for instance, almost 75 per cent of the students entering an undergraduate program at U of T came from the Greater Toronto Area. Repeating that pattern means we will continue to draw a very high proportion of commuter students who, on average, are understandably less engaged with on-campus life.

At the graduate level, the story is different. The GTA yields 60 per cent of our graduate students, but 25 per cent come from outside Ontario and 15 per cent from abroad. Our professional faculties are even more geographically diverse. Fewer than half of all architecture students and about half of all law students come from the Toronto area.

There’s a lesson there. Our global reputation is driven primarily by our research intensity and our professional and graduate programs. And, judged by research productivity, citations and achievements – as well as discipline-specific measures of our reputation among academic peers worldwide – we remain the top university in Canada. One example: overall rankings of universities are by and large a mug’s game, but the Academic Ranking of World Universities at least has stayed with one set of methods and rejected the usual tossed salad of “adjusted” scores. By that measure, we are consistently number one in Canada, with the University of British Columbia in second and McGill a distant third.

As I’ve noted before, the key challenge for U of T is to share that excellence with our undergraduate students, and we still have work to do. With rapid enrolment growth in recent years, student-faculty ratios rose, more students with B+ high school averages were admitted to first year and undergraduate students have given us some mediocre grades on measures of satisfaction and engagement.

Better services and more resources would help resolve some of these issues. But we should also consider how enrolment affects the student experience. After all, who is more likely to be satisfied and engaged? A commuting student who has little time to spend at U of T outside of classes, or a student living on or near one of our three campuses?

These and related questions are now being raised by a high-level task force on enrolment, launched under the auspices of our “Towards 2030” strategy-setting exercise. Among the related questions: How much more growth can U of T accommodate on each of its three campuses? And, perhaps the toughest of all: Are entering grades the sine qua non of student excellence? If not, what other attributes matter in undergraduate recruitment?

Once we’ve clarified our strategy, the harder work of implementation begins. Better communication with high school guidance counsellors, advertising, visits to selected schools, involving local alumni in recruitment – these are part of the picture. Growth in our scholarship programs is also a priority. Currently, the university bestows some 1,400 admission scholarships – valued at a few hundred to several thousand dollars – to the top incoming students each year. Yet fewer than 400 students receive scholarships valued at the level of tuition in first year.

Traditionally, alumni have been tremendous supporters of scholarships and awards. They have also been telling me, in one city after another, that if we are prepared to launch a more proactive recruitment strategy, they will be ready to help us draw more of the best and brightest high school students to U of T from across Canada and around the world. For that, and for your continued support, my deepest thanks. We’ll be calling on you as our long-term planning exercise draws to a close in the months ahead.

Sincerely,
DAVID NAYLOR

Kang Lee, professor and director of the Institute of Child Study at OISE, has been conducting some of the first studies of the emergence of flattery in children. It is a natural area of interest for Lee, who has been researching the development of lie-telling in children for the past decade. In a study published in Developmental Science, Lee and his colleague Genyue Fu of Zhejiang Normal University in China reveal much about when and how children first use flattery. They asked a group of preschool children ages 3 to 6 to rate drawings by children and adults they knew, as well as strangers. The preschoolers judged the artwork both when the artist was present, and when he or she was absent. The three-year-olds were completely honest, and remained consistent in their ratings; it didn’t matter who drew it, or whether the person was in the room. Five- and six-year-olds gave more flattering ratings when the artist was in front of them. They flattered both strangers and those they knew (although familiar people got a higher dose of praise). Among the four-year-olds, half the group displayed flattery while the other half did not. This supports the idea that age four is a key transitional period in children’s social understanding of the world.

Lee suggests adults flatter for two reasons. It can be to show gratitude for some positive action in the past. As well, when they’re meeting someone for first time – someone who may turn out to be important for their advancement down the road – flattery is also used as an investment for future favourable treatment from the person. “We don’t know which the child is doing,” says Lee. However, the fact that the older children flattered strangers as well as familiar people suggests “they are thinking ahead, they are making these little social investments for future benefits.”

Diosady hopes to have test products by late 2008 or early 2009, and run a pilot project perhaps one year after that – or sooner, if he can find a corporate partner. He expects the drink (which has been given the working name “Live-Ade”) to become a self-sustaining, commercial product, distributed through a major bottler or protein manufacturer. He foresees marketing the drink in areas such as India and China, or giving it away in a relief capacity in places such as Darfur refugee camps with the help of a sponsor. “It’s entirely possible that, maybe not Live-Ade but something of this sort will become the Coke of the developing world,” says Diosady. “The wildest dream of everybody in this field is to eliminate diseases caused by poor quality food.”

The report, released by U of T’s Centre for Urban and Community Studies (CUCS) in partnership with the John Howard Society (JHS) of Toronto, found that over a five-year period, the group caught in this jail-shelter-jail cycle had grown larger. “With failures across various programming areas – health, housing, criminal justice, et cetera – we’re seeing a number of people who are completely lost amongst these institutions and just bouncing around,” says Sylvia Novac, lead researcher and a CUCS research associate.

The study also indicates that homeless people are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of crime, and highlights the role of the troubled relationship between the homeless and police. “Some homeless people are reluctant to report how they’ve been victimized on the street, precisely because there’s so much suspicion of them being criminals,” says Joe Hermer, assistant professor of sociology and criminology at U of T and one of the report’s authors.

The initial findings helped give rise to a pilot project called the Post Incarceration Housing Support Program. It includes transitional accommodation that has successfully housed 130 people who have been homeless and incarcerated. Workers help clients find and maintain affordable housing and offer follow-up support. Both JHS and Toronto’s Streets to Home Initiative are involved in the project. Amber Kellen, who oversees advocacy and community programs for the JHS of Toronto and participated in the research, is confident that the program will be extended. “So far, the report has proven to be much more than a document that sits on a shelf gathering dust. It’s taken on a life of its own,” she says. “I see this as the beginning of something more.”

Lafley considered the options, and then chose neither. Or, rather, he chose both. Over the next several years, he eliminated layers of management and instilled a relentless focus on cutting costs. At the same time, he adopted a new approach to innovation by teaming up with smaller companies to develop new products. Before long, P&G was back on track.

Roger Martin, dean of the Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, tells Lafley’s story in his new book, The Opposable Mind: How Successful Leaders Win Through Integrative Thinking (Harvard Business School Press). It illustrates his concept of “integrative thinking” – the ability to consider two opposing ideas, synthesize them and come up with an entirely new, and better, idea. Martin believes this skill is what sets apart great leaders from merely average ones, and for the past six years the Rotman School has been teaching it to MBA students. Most management books, and many MBA programs, examine what successful managers do. A more useful approach, says Martin, is to study how they think. So he interviewed 50 respected business leaders – sometimes for as long as eight hours – to tease out how they make important decisions.

When attempting to resolve a dilemma, “integrative” thinkers differ from regular thinkers on four key points, writes Martin. They take a broader view of what’s relevant to their decision, more fully explore how these elements relate to each other, consider the problem in all of its complexity rather than breaking it into parts, and don’t accept unpleasant trade-offs in order to find a solution. They always search for a creative outcome.

Martin provides plenty of vivid, real-life examples to illustrate this process, though one wonders if the decisions the managers faced were quite as simple as the either-or choices he describes. (Lafley must either cut costs or boost R and D spending. Hotelier Isadore Sharpe can build either small motels or large business hotels.)

Martin devotes the second half of the book to teaching readers how to develop their own integrative thinking skills. He introduces a lot of new concepts – the section reads a little like a series of compressed MBA classes – but thankfully avoids jargon and provides exercises that allow readers to approach problems as Lafley might. “Reflecting on how you think is a powerful way to change how you think,” writes Martin.While this is true, most of us don’t know where to start. The Opposable Mind provides a map.